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The atmosphere is heated chiefly by radiation emitted from the earth’s surface.

Which of the following spheres is composed exclusively of water?

C3 convertase cleaves C3 in blood plasma, leading to a conformational change in the C3b fragment that exposes its reactive thioester group. The activated C3b is potentially harmful to the host, if it becomes covalently attached to a host cell, rather than to the surface of a pathogen. This deleterious outcome is largely avoided by:

Defects in C3 activation leads to impaired tagging of pathogens.

The difference between activating and inhibitory receptors  in NK cells lie in their association with accessory proteins that promote downstream signaling, or in their ability to recruit and activate inhibitory phosphatases, respectively.  

Mucosal surfaces are found in tissues such as the gastrointestinal tract, the reproductive tract and the mouth and respiratory tract. While the mouth and respiratory tract are routes of virus but not bacterial infections, the gastrointestinal tract is the route for bacterial but not virus infections.

The inflammatory response is characterized by four classic symptoms: heat, redness, pain, and swelling. In some instances, this response can be triggered by stimuli that are non-infectious such as asbestos. When exposure to the stimulating trigger is persistent, a state of chronic inflammation can result. This process is likely to be detrimental to the health of the host.

The father of Immunology is known as:

A transplant patient began to show signs of rejection 8 days after receipt of a transplanted organ. What immune elements might be found in the rejected organ?

Innate system cells use receptors which are capable of detecting molecular differences even between closely related organisms.