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  Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase operates by stripping a hydride ion from its substrate. Which molecule is the recipient of the proton and two electrons during this transfer?  

  Describe the relationship between free ribosomes and membrane-bound ribosomes. Be sure to include in your answer (1) where each type is located in a eukaryotic cell, (2) whether the two types form separate populations or constitute a single population, and (3) how the two types are kept separate or exchanged with one another, as appropriate.  

  Describe the steps by which the F0 portion of the ATP synthase harnesses the proton-motive force to help synthesize ATP. What would you expect to observe if the proton gradient were reversed? Explain your answer.  

  During stage 2 of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis is powered by movement of __________ ions through the __________.  

The practice of drilling circular holes in the skulls of people displaying abnormal behaviors in order to free evil spirits was known as

  Proteins that are fully translated in the cytosol and lack a sorting signal will end up in the  

  The citric acid cycle generates NADH and FADH2, which are then used in the process of oxidative phosphorylation to make ATP. The reactions in the citric acid cycle do not utilize oxygen. Yet the citric acid cycle stops almost immediately when O2 is removed. Explain this observation.  

  Modern eukaryotes depend on mitochondria to generate most of the cell’s ATP. What is the approximate number of ATP molecules that can be generated from a single molecule of glucose?  

  Glycoproteins possess a diverse array of oligosaccharide modifications. Which of the following is a true statement about how this diversity is achieved?  

  The mitochondrial ATP synthase consists of several different protein subunits. Which subunit binds to ADP + Pi and catalyzes the synthesis of ATP as a result of a conformational change?