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During the Medieval Warm Period (CE 950-1250), the Vikings sailed across the North Atlantic reaching all areas except for ___________.

Piloted and unpiloted submersible vehicles of the 21st century include all except for __________.

The Challenger Expedition __________.

The amount of waste that an ecosystem can assimilate (via decomposition by bacteria, fungi, and invertebrates) without damaging ecosystem functions or building up waste products to levels that may cause unwanted or harmful impacts on living organisms (including humans) is called the ___________.

Advances in ocean science and technology in the last half of the 20th century were especially spurred by __________.

A lesson of the climate past is that __________.

__________% of the world’s population live within 50 km (31 mi) of the coastline.

Deep-sea sediment cores can provide a climate chronology going back as far as ___________.

How did the 1872-76 Challenger Expedition serve as a model for the modern sceintific study of the ocean?

Continuing problems in the world’s commercial fishing industry include __________.