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QUESTION 4                                                                                                               (15 marks)Pharmaceutical waste has a negative impact on already limited healthcare resources as well as detrimental effects on the environment. Another major concern from this waste is that patients may not be experiencing the intended outcomes of their prescribed treatment. As a pharmacy manager, one of your responsibilities is to help reduce and prevent the generation of pharmaceutical waste. It is important to identify the root causes and thereafter develop interventions to prevent the accumulation of pharmaceutical waste. 4.1 Describe factors that contribute to pharmaceutical waste. (5)4.2 Suggest possible interventions to mitigate these factors. (5)4.3 Briefly outline the legal framework governing the disposal of pharmaceutical waste in South Africa. (5)

QUESTION 2                                                                                                         (21 marks)Evidence-based decision making is crucial in medicines management. Evidence is important to ensure rational practices, minimise wasteful resource allocation and improve quality of health services. Comment on how each of the following can provide evidence to guide decision making in medicines management to improve quality of patient care and health outcomes.2.1 Medicine Use Evaluation (MUE). (7)2.2 Pharmacoeconomics. (7)2.3 Pharmaceutical Management Information Systems (PMIS). (7)

According to the National Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCC MERP) index for categorising medication errors, category C describes an error that reached the patient but did not cause harm.

There are no standard metrics displayed on dashboards because they are intended to be tailored to the user’s needs, but operational dashboards typically involve metrics pertaining to inputs, outputs, outcomes, efficiency, and efficiency.

B (10 MARKS )CLOSED BOOK: ANSWER THIS SECTION ON THE QUESTION PAPERState whether the following answers are true or false.         Terms of Reference (TOR) for Pharmaceutical and Therapeutics Committees (PTC) are only mandatory at provincial and district levels.                       

The goal of demand planning is to strike a balance between having sufficient inventory levels to meet customer needs without having a surplus.

In Pharmaceutical Management Information Systems (PMIS), information refers to processed data with sufficient context to have meaning.

Forcing functions and constraints is the most effective strategy to reduce or prevent medication errors.

Key procurement challenges include:

Special conditions for pharmaceutical contracts DO NOT include the following: