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74. Programs of rehabilitation that remove offenders from the normal channels of the criminal justice process, thus avoiding the stigma of a criminal label.

35. Cohesive communities with high levels of social control and social integration and where people develop interpersonal ties are also likely to develop ______.

31. According to social structure theory, the root cause of crime can be directly traced to ______.

63. Social control theory suggests that ______.

42. Rational choice theory has roots in the __________ school of criminology developed by the Italian social thinker Cesare Beccaria.

53. One of the key principles of life course theory is that ______.

52. Latent trait theorists believe human development is controlled by a master trait present at birth or soon after that results in ______.

94. A deviant act becomes a crime when it is defined, _____.

88. Girls growing up in ______ are socialized to fear legal sanctions more than males; consequently, boys in these families exhibit more delinquent behavior than their sisters.

73. __________ is a process whereby secondary deviance pushes offenders out of the mainstream of society and offenders begin their escalating cycle of deviance.