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One of the longstanding complaints against the Catholic Church, and one that Martin Luther took great exception to, was the practice of Catholic authorities selling [BLANK-1]. By the Late Middle Ages, Catholic priests, bishops, cardinals, and even popes took to selling these. They took many forms in reality, but they are best remembered as “golden tickets to heaven.” Believers could purchase these from church authorities and guarantee a spot in heaven for themselves or a loved one; they could even pay for a loved one who had already passed to get out of Purgatory with their purchase. Luther would argue that there was no scriptural basis for this practice and that it actually ran counter to the teachings of Jesus when he published his 95 Theses.

European voyages of discovery were largely fueled by the knowledge held in Muslim centers of learning in Africa and the Middle East (many classical texts had been lost during the Middle Ages in Europe). Great advancements in cartography and maritime navigation were fueled by the rediscovery of Ptolemy’s [BLANK-1] in 1410. The document was originally written around 150 C.E., but had been lost to Europeans for many centuries.

[BLANK-1] of England was a notable warrior king who led successful campaigns during the Hundred Years’ War, strengthening England’s position during the lengthy conflict. His notable victories include the Siege of Harfleur and the Battle of Agincourt. He conquered most of northern France, including Paris, and laid claim to both the French and English thrones.

When working on the research PowerPoint presentation required for this course a Safe Assign report of 20% or lower is acceptable and will result in no point deduction.

[BLANK-1] occurred between 1315 and 1317 and was the result of poor harvests due to climate change and the Little Ice Age. It was a Malthusian Crisis that not only led to massive death in Europe, but also greatly weakened the immune system of survivors who would be devastated by the Great Death around thirty years later.

[BLANK-1] came about around 1200 in Europe as an effort to limit violence and instill social order among knights. This code emphasized values such as bravery, honor, generosity, graciousness, mercy, and gallantry toward women.

Part 2 Short Answer ID Terms (30%): A short answer ID should briefly address the basic journalistic questions: who or what, when, where, and why. Be sure to discuss the historical significance – this is the most important part of your ID term. Each answer should be a paragraph of at least 4-5 sentences. Do not leave any portion of the five options you choose blank – it is best to write something, even if you must guess somewhat. Partial credit is better than nothing.Answer FIVE (5) of the following terms:The Age of CoffeeThe Black DeathThe Columbian ExchangeThe Fall of ConstantinopleJoan of ArcJohn CalvinLorenzo de’ MediciMadonna and ChildMartin LutherSt. Francis of Assisi

Founded in the Late Horizon period of Andean Empires, The Tawantinsuyu Empire developed in [BLANK-1]. The eponymous city in this region became the hub of a growing kingdom under the hereditary hierarchy of the Incas.

Alessandro Botticelli’s master work, [BLANK-1], is an example of the Platonic Neo-Classical style common to the Italian Renaissance. The painting represents a quantum leap in quality over prior medieval works with its ability to incorporate a sense of depth, focal points, and a proportionate figure. It also stands as an example of private patronage (rather than church patronage) with its classical, mythical theme. The perfection exhibited by the central figure embodied the Renaissance’s positive view of human qualities (as being nearly divine) rather than the humble medieval view that human beings were lacking in dignity and nearly worthless.

Part 3 Essay Question (40%): Your essay should have an introduction with a clear and specific thesis, a body with evidence, and a conclusion that reinforces your central argument. Select the option you feel the most comfortable with and answer it to the best of your ability. You may find it helpful to write out a brief outline of the essay before you begin writing.Choose ONE (1):What were the major accomplishments of the short-lived Sui Dynasty? How did the two most important accomplishments have a lasting impact on Chinese societies? Aside from the emperor, who formed the ruling class of the Sui Dynasty and how could one become part of that ruling class? What contributed to the decline and fall of the Sui Dynasty?Chart the progression of Frankish tribes from their origins to the successors of Charlemagne’s Empire. Who was Charlemagne and what were his major accomplishments? How did Charlemagne found such an expansive empire in Europe? How was Charlemagne’s Empire divided after his and his son’s death? In what ways did the division of Charlemagne’s Empire mark the rudimentary political boundaries for modern Europe?Trace and analyze the social distinctions in early Muslim societies, particularly during the Umayyad Caliphate. Who comprised the top of the social hierarchy in Muslim societies and what groups of people made up the lower strata? How did Muslims in this era interact with Jews and Christians? What roles did slaves play in Muslim societies? What was expected of women in the Islamic faith; what rights did they have and what restrictions did they face? Describe Muslim marriages.