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The Irish Mark System, developed by Lawrence Driscoll in 1794, established probation and parole requirements for Irish-born offenders in what were then English-ruled colonies.

The philosophy of general deterrence focuses on the fact that individual offenders should learn firsthand that crime does not pay when they experience harsh criminal penalties caused by their illicit actions.

What are truth-in-sentencing laws, and why were they enacted?

Explain two major Supreme Court cases that impacted the legality of the application of sentencing guidelines in the U.S. Next, discuss some of the major criticisms of sentencing guidelines on the federal level?

Political pressure has no real impact on how a judge may choose to impose a criminal sentence.

A formal procedure that takes place when a parole board decides that the parole must end because the offender committed a new crime or violated the conditions of parole is a:

Based on recent research, who is more statistically likely to commit violent crimes?

Almost half of the women in prison today under mandatory sentencing laws have been convicted of:

The various types of sentences that can be awarded by the courts are called:

The salient factor score places inmates in the risk categories of: