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A patient presents with anterior patellofemoral pain following a patellar dislocation sustained during a soccer game. Upon examination, an excessive lateral position of the patella is noted in full knee extension. Based on the observation of an excessive lateral patellar position in full extension, what hypothesis can be made?

A 30-year-old rock climber presents with significant pain and loss of function in the fingers after a fall. Imaging studies suggest a partial tear of the A2 pulley associated with a flexor tendon injury. During the assessment, the clinician evaluates the impact of this injury on the biomechanical function of the finger flexors. How does an injury to the A2 pulley specifically affect the biomechanics of the flexor tendons and grip strength?

A patient presents with bilateral genu recurvatum and associated external rotation of the tibia. Considering the mitered hinge mechanism of the foot and ankle, which of the following motions are likely to occur at the foot and ankle?

A 60-year-old patient with a history of rheumatoid arthritis presents significant weakness of the intrinsic muscles of the hand. During the evaluation, the clinician notes that the patient’s hand is in an “intrinsic minus” position. What are the primary characteristics of the “intrinsic minus” position of the hand, and what underlying mechanisms contribute to this posture?

A 40-year-old athlete presents with lower back pain and hip discomfort after increasing their training intensity. During the physical examination, the clinician assesses the relationship between hip and pelvic motions in bilateral standing. How do the motions of the hip and pelvis interact during standing functional movements?

A 30-year-old patient presents respiratory distress and shoulder pain following a clavicle fracture sustained in a bicycle fall. During the physical examination, the clinician evaluates the impact of the injury on thoracic mechanics, particularly during respiration. How does a clavicle fracture potentially affect the mechanics of respiration?

A 50-year-old patient presents to therapy with difficulty gripping objects, particularly during activities that require simultaneous wrist flexion and finger flexion, such as holding a cup. The clinician suspects that active insufficiency of the extrinsic muscles of the hand may be contributing to this issue. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of active insufficiency in the extrinsic muscles of the hand during functional tasks?

A 38-year-old mechanic presents to the clinic with decreased grip strength and numbness in the ring and little fingers following a recent workplace injury. The clinician suspects ulnar nerve injury based on the symptoms and presentation. Which of the following findings would most likely be associated with ulnar nerve injury and its impact on grip strength?

You are preparing a patient with severe lower extremity weakness for ambulation using crutches. Which upper quadrant muscles should be prioritized for strengthening to enhance scapular depression and support the patient’s ability to ambulate with crutches?

Puberty refers to a period of