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Covid-19 changed the world in 2020 and continues to do so. What illness did Covid-19 cause that brought it to the attention of the world, and still does to a lesser extent currently?

Which of the following describes the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in exacerbating heart failure?

Which structural change of the hemoglobin chaing characterizes the development of sickle cell disease at the molecular level?

How does increased preload affect a patient with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)?

Match the following pathophysiology descriptions on the left with the hematological disorders on the right.

What is one reason why patients with cirrhosis are at an increased risk of bleeding?

The DVM instructs you to prepare “Howie’s” 1 liter fluid bag as a 35% Dextrose solution using 50% Dextrose. Determine how much stock and diluent you will need to prepare Howie’s bag.

As “Howie’s” condition deteriorated, the DVM request to obtain an ECG. Which of the following accurately describes the information an ECG will provide the DVM about “Howie”:

You are also requested to obtain “Howie’s” blood pressure. How will you decide which size cuff to use? 

Determine the patient’s contemporary losses.