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Explain the process of neurotransmitter recycling. What happens next to a neurotransmitter that has been secreted and bound to a receptor on the post-synaptic membrane (so, it’s already “done its job,” then what?)? You do not need to explain the post-synaptic responses here. DO use a specific example of a neurotransmitter in your answer.

The common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and humans (Homo sapiens) began evolving separately from a common ancestor about 3.5 to 4 million years ago. The chimps evolved in the dense rainforest of the Congo Basin in central Africa, while humans evolved in the dry grasslands of east Africa with the Great East African Rift Valley in between. This is an example of  ____________ speciation caused by ____________ tectonic plates…

Lab5.pdf lab5.h

Specialist species can evolve on islands due to the limited availability of habitats and niches.  Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following islands would most likely experience the greatest decline in specialist species due to the possible immigration of a generalist species of the same trophic level as the various specialist species?  (toughie!)

Which of the answers best describes passive natural immunity?

Explain the following: If both voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are stimulated to open by depolarization to threshold, why does the membrane depolarize further (beyond threshold to +30mV) and not simply remain stable/unchanged?

An elevated neutrophil count could indicate

Explain the process of neurotransmitter secretion. Include all events, channels and ions involved.

Using your knowledge of somatic motor neuron communication to skeletal muscle (you do not need to know anything about how skeletal muscle contracts to answer this), explain why a spinal cord injury “paralyzes” skeletal muscle despite no damage to the muscle itself. Name the specific neurons used in this communication pathway and the locations of their cell bodies in your answer. Note: realize that if the cell body of a neuron dies, the entire neuron will die but if the cell body remains intact, it’s possible for a neuron to recover. 

A you move farther away from the sun, how does the orbital period change? Explain why.