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A 70-year-old female’s cells are found to have entered replicative senescence.  What is the significance of this state? 

Which mediators are commonly associated with chronic inflammation? 

A patient with a bacterial infection shows an increased number of neutrophils at the site of infection. What process is responsible for this increase? 

A patient with a compromised thymus gland is likely to have deficiencies in which type of immune cells? 

A 60-year-old male with metastatic melanoma undergoes genotyping of his tumor cells, revealing a BRAF mutation.  What is the significance of this finding for his treatment? 

A 40-year-old female with a history of radiation exposure presents with a tumor. Her cells show an inability to arrest the cell cycle in response to DNA damage.  Which checkpoint is most likely defective in her cells? 

A child experiences several viral infections in the first year of life. What is the significance of these early exposures? 

A patient with an autoimmune disease has a deficiency in Tregs. What is the role of Tregs in the immune system?

A patient with a genetic mutation that affects B-cell receptor gene rearrangement is likely to have issues with which aspect of their immune response? 

A 60-year-old male is diagnosed with a type of cancer known for its high mutation rate in the p53 gene.  What is the consequence of a p53 mutation in cancer cells?