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Paragraph 3:  Muscle protein metabolism in the absorptive (fed) and fasted states.  Your response must describe the relative rates of protein synthesis and proteolysis during the fed and fasted states in terms of hormone signaling, specific membrane transporters, macronutrient availability, intracellular energy levels and master regulators of cellular metabolism.  

Match each of the non-protein nitrogen containing molecules below (left) with its description (right).

Select the true statements regarding protein synthesis and proteolysis (select ALL that apply).

Name a specific protein that performs each of the functions listed below. Carries oxygen through the blood: [blank1] Consumes oxygen during oxidative phosphorylation: [blank2] Accepts electrons from NADH in the ETC: [blank3] Accepts electrons from FADH2 in the ETC: [blank4] Regenerates the active form of glutathione: [blank5] Converts acetaldehyde to acetate: [blank6] Removes amide group from glutamine: [blank7] Catalyzes the following reaction [Ala + aKG Pyruvate + Glu]: [blank8] Marks proteins for degradation by proteasomes: [blank9] Incretin hormone that may suppress GLP1-induced vomiting: [blank10] Insulin sensitive glucose transporter: [blank11] Catalyzes the following reaction [Glu aKG + NH4]: [blank12] Senses intracellular ATP levels: [blank13] Structural protein of chylomicrons, VLDL & LDL (do not include #): [blank14] Stimulated by leucine, arginine and methionine: [blank15] Exchanges phosphates between ADP/ATP and creatine: [blank16]

Paragraph 2:  Hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) during the fed state. First, describe the hormonal and biochemical conditions that stimulate hepatic DNL.  Then, describe the process of hepatic DNL in terms of incoming circulating fuels and the inputs and outputs of specific metabolic pathways, including TCA cycle metabolites.   

For each of the hormones below, indicate the organ from which it originates and whether the signal tends to increase or decrease appetite (in the blanks). GLP-1 Source organ: [blank1] Effect on appetite: [blank2] Ghrelin Source organ: [blank3] Effect on appetite: [blank4] Leptin Source organ: [blank5] Effect on appetite: [blank6] CCK Source organ: [blank7] Effect on appetite: [blank8] Cytokines Source organ: [blank9] Effect on appetite: [blank10]  

Part 1:  Mixed Questions (100 points) You must answer all questions. Read each question carefully and be mindful of word/sentence limits. 

Paragraph 2: Metabolic fates of amino acids in enterocytes.  Your response must state the 3 potential metabolic fates of amino acids in enterocytes and provide at least one molecular detail about each metabolic fate.

Indicate if True or False:  Since your three lowest quiz grades are dropped (excluding the  SUA Reading quiz) late quizzes are NOT accepted.

If U.S. immigration consists of mainly low-skilled workers, then an increase in immigration _______ the wages of low-skilled workers.