The night before a biology exam, Andrew stayed up all night…

The night before a biology exam, Andrew stayed up all night playing video games instead of studying. When grades came back, he got a D on the exam. Andrew told himself that he should have studied instead of playing video games and decided to study more for the next exam. Andrew is exhibiting a(n):

Melanie likes her sandwich to be sliced into two pieces. She…

Melanie likes her sandwich to be sliced into two pieces. She understands that this is still the same amount of food that her younger sister has, even though her sister’s sandwich is not sliced. Melanie’s younger sister, however, is angry because she now thinks Melanie has more food than she does. This is an example of: