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Which of the following was NOT part of the Supreme Court’s analysis when it struck down the City of Richmond’s Minority Business Enterprise (“MBE”) subcontracting rule in City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.?

Panorex (extraoral film) will lighten when exposed to light.

Which of the following is a requirement for Congress’s lawful use of its Spending Clause power, as outlined in cases like South Dakota v. Dole?  

In the Supreme Court Case District of Columbia v. Heller, the Supreme Court held that the Second Amendment protected an individual’s right to possess firearms for privateuse. To reach this conclusion, the Court consulted dictionaries in existence at the time of the Founding of the Constitution to determine the meaning of certain words in the Second Amendment. What method of Constitutional interpretation is this an example of?

Which of the following statements about the U.S. Constitution is FALSE

Which of the following Constitutional Amendments is the source of the Substantive Due Process doctrine as it applies to the states?

Which of the following best describes the difference between the power of the federal government and the power of state governments under the Constitution?  

Which of the following statements regarding Marbury v. Madison is TRUE?

Which of the following best describes the representation-reinforcement method of constitutional interpretation, as popularized by Professor John Hart Ely?  

A state enacts a law that significantly restricts the voting rights of a specific racial minority group, arguing that it is necessary to prevent voter fraud. The law is challenged under the Equal Protection Clause. If a court applies the principles outlined in Footnote Four of United States v. Carolene Products Co. (1938), which of the following is the most likely reason the court would apply heightened scrutiny to this law?