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A 52-year-old male with a 40-pack-year smoking history presents to the clinic with a chronic cough, unexplained weight loss, and recent onset of digital clubbing. His oxygen saturation is 88% on room air. A chest X-ray reveals a suspicious mass in the right upper lobe. Which of the following is the most likely underlying condition causing the patient’s clubbing?

A 55-year-old man presents with the sudden onset of flashes of light and a “curtain-like” shadow over his vision. Ophthalmic examination reveals a retinal tear with fluid accumulation beneath the retina. What is the most likely diagnosis?

What is the primary pathophysiological change in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?  

Which of the following is a key diagnostic sign of constrictive pericarditis?

A 6-month-old infant presents with cyanosis, failure to gain weight, and squatting during play. Which congenital heart defect is most likely associated with these clinical findings?

A 72-year-old male with a history of hypertension and coronary artery disease presents with increasing shortness of breath, orthopnea, and swelling in both legs. On physical examination, you hear crackles at the lung bases and observe jugular venous distention. What pathophysiological mechanism is most likely responsible for his respiratory symptoms?

A 28-year-old male presents to the emergency department with sudden onset of sharp, unilateral chest pain and shortness of breath after a high-intensity workout. He has no significant past medical history. On examination, his breath sounds are absent on the right side, and his trachea appears slightly deviated to the left. Which of the following conditions is the most likely diagnosis?

A premature infant is born at 28 weeks gestation and shortly after birth develops difficulty breathing, grunting, and cyanosis. Despite efforts to ventilate, the infant’s oxygen levels remain low. Which of the following best explains the underlying cause of this infant’s condition?

A patient with a history of myocardial infarction presents with fatigue, shortness of breath, and exercise intolerance. An echocardiogram shows an ejection fraction (EF) of 35%. What is the most likely underlying mechanism for this patient’s condition?

A 68-year-old patient presents with confusion, cold and clammy skin, and a systolic blood pressure of 85 mmHg. The patient’s mean arterial pressure (MAP) is calculated to be 60 mmHg. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial clinical concern for this patient?