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The feature(s) that maximize variance and minimize reconstruction error are equivalent.

Each Principal Component is a non-linear combination of a subset of the original dimensions

Each Principal Component is a linear combination of a subset of the original dimensions

Deep-ocean trenches are the deepest parts of the ocean.  a) What are deep-ocean trenches?  How are they related to plate tectonics?  Be sure to explain in your own words. b) Name a deep-ocean trench and describe where it is located. Extra credit:  Why are trenches always deeper than the seafloor next to them?    Do not rely just on Figure 4-11 for this question.  Also see Figure 4-15.

Ocean in the climate system: a) Why is the ocean a dominant factor in the Earth’s climate system?  Give 4 global-scale reasons and for each one explain how the ocean affects climate. b) Which do you think is the most important, and why?

Longshore currents: a) Under what conditions do longshore currents form? b) Describe 2 ways in which rip currents are different from longshore currents.  Do not simply give definitions of each one.  Instead, explain how they are different.Rip currents are described in the second reading assignment: Segar page or Mpora page.

To a remarkable extent, advancement of ocean science depends on advancement of technology.  Choose two (2) technologies that have played an important part in oceanography.  Several are described in the chapter, or you may choose others that you know about.  Do not use ROVs, AUVs, HOVs, echo sounding, or satellite altimetry.  Those technologies were discussed in the previous two questions. For each of your 2 technologies, describe: how the technology works what major advances it led to  

Describe 3 significant problems that scientists would encounter in studying ocean biology if they used only sampling with nets.  Your answers should describe scientific problems, not logistical problems. A scientific problem is one that affects the information or sample characteristics that you collect with the nets.  These are discussed in the chapter.  A logistical problem is one that makes the use of nets physically difficult; for example, very heavy nets would be difficult to handle.  Do not include such answers.

Marine Food Web:  a)  In reference to the oceans, what is the difference between primary production and secondary production?  (Note: This question is about the process of production, not who the producers are.) b)  Use the concepts of trophic level and food chain inefficiency to describe how food energy flows through a marine food chain or food web.  Be sure to describe this in your own words, and use both terms in your answer.   (Note:  “trophic level” does not refer to types of organisms.)

This exam will cover chapters 11-13. You will have 2 hours to complete the exam.You may use the following on the exam:BLANK scratch paper, 3X5 notecard (no examples), calculator (no cell phones), and a periodic tableConstants will be given unless otherwise noted.For the fill in the blank ALWAYS INCLUDE UNITS when needed.