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A “hash value” is a numerical value assigned to a native file based on the unique contents and properties of that file and it functions as the digital fingerprint of that file.

E-Discovery projects involve generally involve the following stages: Identification and Preservation, Collection, Processing, Review, and Production.

Using “write-protection” when collecting ESI:

A legal hold notice and evidence of its distribution to the appropriate personnel should be retained for future reference. 

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has created a list of file types that are of little evidentiary value and are commonly removed during processing because these files are:

Individuals and entities have a legal duty to preserve potentially relevant documents and ESI as soon as they reasonably anticipate or get involved in a legal dispute.

Information relevant to a claim or defense in a legal matter is discoverable if:

Budgeting is a component of good project planning.

A litigation hold is a directive to individuals within a company to preserve ESI and documents that are potentially relevant to a legal matter. 

The most common reason that parties to litigation are sanctioned by the courts is: