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Table 1 Federal Government receipts and expenditures and nominal GDP, billions of dollars.   1967 1978 1984 1999 2009 2018 Tax receipts 108 280 410 1175 1124 1956 Other receipts 38 144 302 732 1116 1542 Government purchases and subsidies 92 173 317 501 993 1121 Government transfer payments 52 234 397 986 2141 2846 Interest payments 22 79 194 352 355 541 Net government investment 9 5 25 -3 49 4 Nominal GDP 860 2,352 4,339 9,631 14,449 20,580 Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis Assume the table above represents all federal government revenues and expenditures.Refer to table 1. Suppose the government has promised to pay $100 billion dollars in benefits 10 years from now.  Assuming an interest rate of 5%, what is the present discounted value (PDV) of the obligation?  Answer in billions of dollars, rounded to two decimal places.  (i.e. enter 3.13 as the answer for 3.13 billion). Do not enter a ‘$’ sign.

Scores on an exam are normally distributed with a mean of 80, and a standard deviation of 12 (mean=80 ±12). Choose ALL of the following that are correct.          

Table 1 Federal Government receipts and expenditures and nominal GDP, billions of dollars.   1967 1978 1984 1999 2009 2018 Tax receipts 108 280 410 1175 1124 1956 Other receipts 38 144 302 732 1116 1542 Government purchases and subsidies 92 173 317 501 993 1121 Government transfer payments 52 234 397 986 2141 2846 Interest payments 22 79 194 352 355 541 Net government investment 9 5 25 -3 49 4 Nominal GDP 860 2,352 4,339 9,631 14,449 20,580 Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis Assume the table above represents all federal government revenues and expenditures.Refer to table 1.  Of the years included, in which year was the deficit relative to GDP the greatest?

Graph 2 shows the budget constraint (in blue) of an individual before any government policies. Suppose the government then establishes a Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) program, and the individual’s budget constraint changes to the one in red. Refer to Graph 2. Suppose the TANF program is established. What is the individual’s consumption if they spent all of their time in leisure? (do not enter a ‘$’ sign)

A PA faculty member is worried about the percision of her students at taking blood pressures (they were remediating a basic clinical skills class). She wants them to be ready before sending them out for clinical placement. She makes each of the students take 20 blood pressures on SimMan 3G.  She is in the control room and can control the systolic and diastolic BP.  Is this faculty member more concerned about reliability or validity?

A researcher wants to determine if there is a difference in mean insertion times for a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) or king airway (KA) by PAs that work in an emergency department. 100 subjects participated in the study.  Each subject performed insertion of the LMA and the KA.  What is the dependent variable?

A researcher wants to see if the Oswestry Low Back Disability Index is a good predictor of the days a person is unable to work after sustaining a herniated disc in their lumbar spine.  In orthopedics the Oswestry is a patient reported outcome that determines the level of disability. Scores range from 0% – 100% (the higher the score indicates a higher level of disability).  What type of data is the Oswestry?

A researcher wants to determine if there is a difference in mean insertion times for a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) or king airway (KA) by PAs that work in an emergency department. 100 subjects participated in the study.  Each subject performed insertion of the LMA and the KA.  Write a statement indicating the results of the test (be sure to include the test result and the p value) (2pts).  Based on this statement let us know if we should reject the null hypothesis? (1pt)

A researcher wants to see if mean happiness score [as measured by a 5 point likert scale 1= very unhappy; 2= unhappy; 3= ok; 4= happy; 5= very happy)] of a single cohort of 2nd year physician assistant students differs by weeks they have exams vs weeks they don’t have exams.  The same students took the happiness survey during the 2nd week of school and during midterm exam week.  The correct statistical test to answer this question would be?

  A researcher wants to evaluate the appropriateness of PAs bedside manner.  She creates a survey device that has a 5 point likert scale (1=appropriate, 2=somewhat appropriate, 3=neutral, 4=somewhat inappropriate, 5=inappropriate).  A total of 50 subjects that represent 3 age groups (geriatric adults, adults, young adults) completed the survey.  The research wants to see if the actual answers to the survey differ from what she is expecting to see. Based on the output, which age group reported the highest level of inappropriateness of the PA bedside manner?