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What is the reason for permineralization?

A chewing mechanism adopted by ornithopods that helps them efficiently chew through the toughest of plant materials by moving their upper jaws is called _________. 

Identify the amniotic skull type below:

What can affect an animal carcass’ condition that could prevent fossilization? Please choose all of the correct answers:

What can be considered a type of fossil?

Mastication begins after food passes beyond which of the following structures?

Instead of having a perpendicular pubis-ischium arrangement (like many saurischians), ornithischians have a rearward-facing pubis that lies parallel with the ischium (also mis-characterized as “bird-hip”). This arrangement (indicated by the red arrow in the figure below) is technically referred to as a/an:

Which of the following hypotheses disagrees with Paleontologist J. A. Hopson’s five predictions on a hadrosaurid crest’s role in sexual selection? If the crests were used as a visual cue/signal:

Both Ceratopsia and Pachycephalosauria belong to a clade called ______.

As we learned in class, the head crests of some Ornithopods (e.g. Lambeosaurinae) were not exaggerated through their evolution.  What is the possible explanation for this?  Support this argument using another evolutionary trend seen in different members of Ornithopods.