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In SDS-PAGE, proteins are coated with a net negative charge upon treatment with SDS.

You design primers and realize that they fold back on themselves and form structures like the ones shown below. What will you do next?

Yamanaka discovered that reactivating 4 specific genes could convert an adult cell into pluripotent cells.  These transcription factors are:

At what temperature does the following step of PCR occur?    

The following gel represents RNA extracted by four students (1-4)  in a lab. Who was most successful in extracting RNA?

In an experiment, RNA was extracted from eukaryotic cells and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis.  What is the identity of bands shown by the  arrows, A and B, in the image?

In the picture below, the question mark indicates something that is required to convert a specialized skin cell into an pluripotent cell (iPS).  Which of the following can the question mark represent?

Shown below is the result of digesting pCMV with Not1 and Sma1 enzymes and resolving the products on a 1% agarose gel.  Does the plasmid map of pCMV shown below correlate with the results of digestion?

The following plasmid was inserted into a bacterial cell and its presence was confirmed.  However, the plasmid failed to replicate inside the cell.  Which of the following answers could best explain the reason for this failure?  

A cell that has received the following plasmid could not survive in the presence of the antibiotic, Ampicillin.  What could be a possible explanation for this?