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Short-Response Questions: 5 points  Note: A minimum of 100 words required per response.   Discuss the factors that led to the success of the Arab-Islamic conquests of the seventh and eighth centuries.

Long-Response Questions: 20 points.Note: A minimum of 200 words required.   You can choose to answer one, some, or all of the questions below: Discuss the influence of ancient African civilizations on global history and culture. How have modern perceptions of ancient Africa evolved over time? What impact did environmental changes, such as the desertification of the Sahara, have on the migration and cultural development of ancient African societies? What was the significance of trade in ancient African societies, particularly in the trans-Saharan trade networks and along the Red Sea coast? How did the Kingdom of Axum become a major center of trade and religion in ancient Africa, and what was its long-term impact on the region?

Short-Response Questions: 5 points each. Note: A minimum of 100 words required.   What distinguished hunter-gatherer societies in Africa from settled societies?”

Short-Response Questions: 5 points each. Note: A minimum of 100 words required.   What did Augustus actually accomplish with his efforts to “restore” the Republic?

Short-Response Questions: 5 points  Note: A minimum of 100 words required per response.   What caused the Byzantine Empire to seek aid from the Christian West?

Short-Response Questions: 5 points each. Note: A minimum of 100 words required.   What made early trans-Saharan trade possible?

Short-Response Questions: 5 points each Note: A minimum of 100 words required per response.   What types of tools might have helped ancient humans migrating into cold environments and why?

Short-Response Questions: 5 points each Note: A minimum of 100 words required per response.   How did the relationship between men and women change with the advent of agriculture?

Short-Response Questions: 5 points each Note: A minimum of 100 words required per response.   What do the artifacts and other archaeological finds from Jericho and Çatalhöyük suggest about life in these early urban environments?

Which of the following occurs as a result of increased activation of the sympathetic nervous system?