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Which electron transport chain complexes couple electron transfer between molecules to the generation of a proton gradient in the inner membrane space?

How does Ca2+ regulate the contraction of smooth muscle cells?

How would RNAi (RNA interference) against human exportin-t affect human fibroblasts in culture?

When are heat shock proteins synthesized?

Antibiotics are powerful medications that inhibit the growth of bacteria. They work at a variety of levels, but many target the process of protein synthesis in the bacterial cell. In the developing of an antibiotic, which of the following would be an effective strategy or target for the drug?

You inject a frog oocyte with two globular proteins, one 15 kDa and the other 100 kDa, both of which lack nuclear localization signals. Which protein, if any, will enter the nucleus?

How can epigenetic changes explain why identical twins develop different physical characteristics later in life?

Why do actively growing cells have larger nucleoli than resting cells?

How does gene regulation by lncRNAs differ from regulation by microRNAs?

How would mutational inactivation of the nuclear export signal of a protein that normally shuttles back and forth between the nucleus and the cytoplasm affect its subcellular distribution?