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John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the __________ in his study.

__________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas __________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.

Current research finds that younger adults can hold __________ items in short-term (working) memory if they do not use any type of retention strategy.

The key to the partial report method of Sperling’s study of sensory memory was to __________.

You train your dog, Atticus, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every 5 minutes and don’t follow the ringing with food for Atticus. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Atticus salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?

Personal facts and memories of one’s personal history are parts of ___________ memory.

Nigel always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while, he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the __________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

__________ classical conditioning, operant conditioning requires the organism to voluntarily produce the __________.

Godden and Baddeley found that if you study on land, you do better when tested on land, and if you study underwater, you do better when tested underwater. This finding is an example of __________.

Which of the following offers the BEST analogy for the way long-term memory is conceptualized?