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Give two features of the luminosity of Type Ia supernovae that makes them useful for determining the distance to distant galaxies. Clearly explain why these features are useful.

Two large populations of horses are being systematically crossed (mares from one population bred to stallions of the other and vice versa). Coat color is NOT a factor in determining which animals are selected and which individual matings are made. Frequencies of coat color genes at the C locus are: Population 1: C = 0.8, ccr = 0.2 Population 2: C = 0.3, ccr = 0.7 What will be the frequency of Q at the C locus in the offspring (F1) population?

In a population of 5000 which has been under Hardy-Weinberg conditions for a number of generations and is known to contain a total of 450 individuals that are homozygous dominant (TT) at a particular locus. What are the gene frequencies?

If a recessive allele is lethal, and the homozygous recessive individuals die at birth, over time the frequency of the homozygous dominant will

Polygenic traits are economically the most important, compared to simply-inherited traits.

If you have 125 Shorthorn cattle, and 55 are red (RR), 50 are roan (Rr), and 20 are white (rr), what is the frequency of the white gene?

In a herd of all red Shorthorn cattle, the frequency of the r allele would be

Simply-inherited traits and polygenic traits are both subject to Mendelian rules.

The proper formula for calculating gene frequencies at a locus which has 3 alleles is

Galaxy C is farther from the Earth than Galaxy D. Which galaxy is moving faster relative to the Earth and what observations could we make to confirm this?