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Describe the following. This practice began in 1117 as dismembered fragments of the bodies of saints were preserved and regarded as holy relics with special prominence being given to the heart.

The dates 30,000 B.C. to 6,000 B.C. describe which era?

What era was discussed as being the first to attempt human burial?

(Attempt any two for 6 pts total (3 pts for each question answered correctly) A) Explain what will happen to embryonic development if both copies of Oct4 gene are deleted. (3 points) OR B) Draw an E 7.0 mouse embryo with all the embryonic and extra-embryonic germ layers. (3 points) OR C) Explain the steps involved in therapeutic cloning for tissue generation. (3 points)

All of the following are correct about stem cell therapy except (2 points)

Briefly describe antibody class-switching, and give 2-3 examples of different classes of antibodies. (4 points)

Recent clinical trials have shown efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors against advanced melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. What are immune checkpoints and how does checkpoint inhibition lead to tumor regression? (6 points)

Name and describe two mechanisms of viral pathogenesis. (4 points)

Sun Questions: 20-26 Briefly describe the major characteristics/hall marks of the innate immunity? (4 points)

Which of the following is incorrect (2 points)?