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Briefly describe the basic molecular mechanism that triggers the barrier that counts cell divisions.

Apoptosis does not occur in cells lacking p53.

Briefly describe one role of the shelterin complex and why it is important.

What type of enzyme is hTERT?

For each agent listed below, indicate whether it is best described as a tumor initiator or promoter.A. alcohol ….. [A] B. smoke/tobacco tar ….. [B] C. TPA …… [C] D. hepatitis B virus ….. [D] E. estrogen ….. [E]F. DMBA ….. [F]

Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests that the multi-step process of tumorigenesis requires the acquisition of [A] to transform a normal human epithelial cell.

Tumors that have metastasized to the bone can weaken the bones.A) What is the molecular/cellular cause of this?B) Why is this an advantage to cancer cells?

[A] are a key source of PDGF in wound healing while [B] cells provide PDGF during cancer development.

A patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) exhibits chromosomal translocations in both lymphocytes and myeloid cells. This suggests that the cell in which the initiating mutation occurred was MOST likely

Match each step in metastasis with the most appropriate description.