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“The existence of chattel slavery in a nation that claimed to be Christian, and the use of Christianity to justify enslavement, confronted black Evangelicals [Protestants] with a basic dilemma, which may be most clearly formulated in two questions: What meaning did Christianity, if it were a white man’s religion, as it seemed, have for blacks; and, why did the Christian God, if he were just as claimed, permit blacks to suffer so?  In struggling to answer these questions, a significant number of Afro-Americans developed a distinctive evangelical tradition in which they established meaning and identity for themselves as individuals and as people.  Simultaneously, they made an indispensable contribution to the development of American Evangelicalism.”                                             Albert J. Raboteau, historian, African American Religion, 1997   The abolitionist writer whose work most closely aligns with the trend in the excerpt is:  

“The great and leading principle is, that the General Government emanated from the people of the several states, forming distinct political communities, and acting in their separate and sovereign capacity, and not from all the people forming one aggregate political community; that the Constitution of the United States is, in fact, a compact, to which each state is a Party, . . . and that the several states, or parties, have the right to judge of its infractions. . .I conceive to be the fundamental principle of our system, resting on facts as certain as our revolution itself, . . . and I firmly believe that on its recognition depend the stability and safety of our political institutions.”                                                                         John C. Calhoun, Address to the Southern States, 1831 Prior to Calhoun’s speech the idea of state’s rights was expressed in:    

  The change depicted on the maps most directly contributed to which of the following?

“Joseph Smith… came from nowhere. Reared in a poor Yankee farm family, he had less than two years of formal schooling and began life without social standing or institutional backing. His family rarely attended church. Yet in the fourteen years he headed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Smith created a religious culture that survived his death, flourished in the most desolate regions of the United States, and continues to grow worldwide. . . . In 1830 at the age of twenty-four, he published the Book of Mormon…. He built cities and temples and gathered thousands of followers before he was killed at age thirty-eight.” Richard Lyman Bushman, historian, Joseph Smith Rough Stone Rolling: A Cultural Biography of Mormonism’s Founder, 2005   Based on the excerpt, the westward migration by the Mormons in the 1830s and 1840s was most likely motivated by the  

“As [political leader Henry] Clay envisioned it [in the 1820s], the American System constituted the… basis for social improvement…. Through sale of its enormous land holdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize internal improvements. By levying protective tariffs, the government should foster the development of American manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for manufactured products.” Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848, published in 2007   The ideas described in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following?

“If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each.  So if a law be in opposition to the constitution…the constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature”                                                                            Chief Justice John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, 1803   “The government of the US, then, though limited in its powers, is supreme; and its laws, when made in pursuance of the constitution form the supreme law of the land.  Among the enumerated powers [in the Constitution], we do not find that of establishing a bank or creating a corporation.  But there is no phrase in the instrument which excludes implied powers; and which requires that everything granted shall be expressly and minutely described…[A constitution’s] nature, therefore, requires that only its great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves.”                                                                       Chief Justice John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819   Marshall’s opinion in Marbury v. Madison would most directly lead to:  

“Joseph Smith… came from nowhere. Reared in a poor Yankee farm family, he had less than two years of formal schooling and began life without social standing or institutional backing. His family rarely attended church. Yet in the fourteen years he headed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Smith created a religious culture that survived his death, flourished in the most desolate regions of the United States, and continues to grow worldwide. . . . In 1830 at the age of twenty-four, he published the Book of Mormon…. He built cities and temples and gathered thousands of followers before he was killed at age thirty-eight.” Richard Lyman Bushman, historian, Joseph Smith Rough Stone Rolling: A Cultural Biography of Mormonism’s Founder, 2005   The goals of Mormons, as described in the excerpt, were most like the goals of which of the following colonial groups?  

“All red men have equal rights to the unoccupied land. The right of occupancy is as good in one place as in another. There cannot be two occupations in the same place. The first excludes all others. It is not so in hunting or traveling; for there the same ground will serve many, as they may follow each other all day. But the camp is stationary, and that is occupancy. It belongs to the first who sits down on his blanket or skins which he has thrown upon the ground; and till he leaves it no other has a right.”                                   Tecumseh to Governor William H. Harrison at Vincennes, August 12, 1810   The preceding passage best illustrates which of the following statements describing the view of Native Americans in North America concerning property?

“On the subject of slavery…I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice…On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation…I am in earnest – I will not equivocate – I will not excuse – I will not retreat a single inch – AND I WILL BE HEARD.” –William Lloyd Garrison, first issue of abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, January 1831   Opponents of Garrison’s ideas expressed in the excerpt would most likely have argued that:

The physician orders enteric-coated aspirin, 300 mg every day, for the patient with a nasogastric (NG) tube. The medication needs to be crushed in order to administer it through the NG tube. What is the priority action by the nurse?