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Students: Ignore this. It is not an actual question. Rather, it is a place for Independent Study staff to upload the essays of those who are taking this exam in paper format. Instructor: You should review the essays of students who took the exam on paper here, rather than in the questions above. However, you should put the score for each essay in the appropriate question above.

Is Marx substantially responsible for Marxist-Leninist tyranny?

According to Tocqueville, which of the following is an inevitable source of dogmatic belief in every society?

Each wave of modernity is created by questioning a premise assumed by an earlier wave of modernity. Which of the following answer choices correctly lists the premise of each of the three waves of modernity in chronological order from the first wave onward? 1. History as a rational process of human self-realization 2. Self-reflection as the measure of necessity 3. Apatheia and asceticism as portals to the good 4. The good as normative for life 5. Nature understood as the necessity of self-preservation

What is Rousseau’s political solution to the problem of modern civilization?

Which of the following best represents John Stuart Mill’s position regarding moral truth?

What is Nietzsche’s critique of Platonism?

What is Burke’s critique of the modern natural rights doctrine?

“It is now sixteen or seventeen years since I saw the queen of France, then the dauphiness, at Versailles, and surely never lighted on this orb, which she hardly seemed to touch, a more delightful vision.”Who wrote these words, and what conclusion does he draw from this recollection?

Which condition is NOT considered a variant of normal?