Mr. Washington allows his lesson times to “go with the flow;…

Mr. Washington allows his lesson times to “go with the flow;” that is, he simply begins teaching in the morning and lets each lesson last as long as it needs to last. He also varies the order of his content presentations, doing math first on some days and reading first on other days; he may allocate an hour to science on Monday, not teach it at all on Tuesday, and give it a half hour on Wednesday. His system is

Mr. Cooper wants to motivate his students to do well on thei…

Mr. Cooper wants to motivate his students to do well on their classwork, especially the work that involves preparation for the end-of-grade tests his students will take. He hits upon what he thinks is the perfect motivator: each day, he’ll give students a mini-test with twenty questions, and he’ll give one piece of candy for each correct answer a student gives. His system is likely to be