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[Planetary Geology] The geological principle of cross-cutting relationships states that younger events or features will cross-cut older ones. This principle allows us to decipher the order of geologic events, which will contribute to our understanding of the geological history of a specific area or outcrop that we’re trying to decipher. Let’s look again at the surface of the Moon to see how this works. This video is from near the landing site of Apollo 15. It shows where a crater and a rille (collapsed lava tube) have interacted. Click here to open the video with closed captions in a new window. Below is a still image of a crater and rille from the video. Can you determine which is younger?

[Planetary Geology] Matter within the Universe exists primarily in solid, liquid, or gas states. These states have different characteristics. Drag each characteristic to the picture of the phase that it best describes.

[Climate Change] The Earth is constantly experiencing change. Some of the changes are cyclic, meaning that there is evidence of the change occurring multiple times in the Earth’s history. Other changes are unidirectional, meaning that the change does not repeat. Sort the changes shown below based on whether they are cyclic or unidirectional.  

[Climate Change] Using the tools mentioned in the previous question and through direct sampling, climatologists have directly measured atmospheric CO2 over the past 60 years. Notice the annual oscillations of carbon dioxide. What causes this repetitive change?

[Climate Change] The image below shows a model prediction of future global temperature increases. Based on the image, which is predicted to warm more, the oceans or the continents?

​The burden of proof is actually two burdens: the burden of _____ and the burden of _____.

The prosecution has to prove the defendant’s guilt _____.​

To fall within the hearsay rule, the testimony must be offered to prove the _____.​

Case 4.1 While shoplifting five laptops from an electronics store in the mall, the actors Jack and Diane are confronted by the store manager. Jack brutally assaults the store manager as Diane looks on. They leave the manager unconscious on the floor of the store. Passing shoppers alert mall security, who chase the two into the mall parking lot. Police are notified and arrive as Jack and Diane flee the scene in a small red pickup truck and stop the vehicle. Mall security provides physical and clothing description of the two suspects and the pickup truck. ​ Police pursue the pickup through several residential streets. During the pursuit several items appearing to laptops are thrown from the passenger window of the truck. The locations are reported via radio for other units to collect the evidence. The fleeing pickup blows several red lights causing minor accidents. The pursuing police units temporarily lose sight of the pickup. Within minutes, however, the pickup is found in an alleyway, crashed into a retaining wall behind 427 Oak Street. The pickup is unoccupied with the keys still in the ignition. The license plates on the vehicle are stolen. Found in the pickup is one laptop, a blood covered sleeve of a shirt. Also found in the pickup is old mail addressed to a Jack Bowers of 123 Elm Street which is approximately 1 mile away. While patrol searches for the suspects, detectives respond to the Bower residence and find no one home.  They speak with the building manager who reports seeing Mr. Bower and his girlfriend drive off earlier in the day. The manager reports that Mr. Bower owns a small red pickup. The detectives notice surveillance cameras on the apartment complex and ask the manager to view and copy the video from that day.  Caught on video are Brower and girlfriend apparently changing the license plates on the pickup and leaving in the truck 30 minutes prior to the incident at the mall. The vehicle identification number on the pickup is registered to Jack Bower with different license plates. ​ Jack and Diane are located by patrol three blocks from the pickup hiding behind two dumpsters. Jack’s shirt is torn and bloody. He has bruises and blood on his hands. Both Jack and Diane claim that they were carjacked two hours prior and had been walking toward the police station.  The two are arrested. A search incident to arrest under covers 3 packets of heroin, a hypodermic needle and cell phone in Jack’s pockets and a large, aluminum-lined handbag (commonly known as a boosting bag) with several boxed cell phones and two bags of heroin in Diane’s possession.   Detectives respond to the hospital where the store manager is being treated for serious injuries to his head and body. It is reported that the manager has a skull fracture, damage to his eye socket, and a broken jaw. The injuries are photographed and documented. Detectives also retrieve surveillance video from the store and from the mall for evidence. The two suspects are charged with robbery, eluding, destruction of evidence, possession of controlled dangerous substance, and possession of drug paraphernalia, and possession of burglary tools.The heroin found subsequent to the arrest of Jack and Diane would be considered _____ evidence.​

The Federal Rules of Evidence contain at more than 20 exceptions to the rule against hearsay.​