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Water (H2O) consists of an oxygen atom bound to two hydrogen atoms. The bond between oxygen and hydrogen is [a] because [b].

Antibiotic resistance can evolve rapidly in bacterial populations. Suppose that a type of bacterial infection is normally treated with antibiotic A. A person who has an infection with this type of bacteria takes antibiotic A, but it has no effect. It is determined that the bacteria causing their infection have a new allele that makes them resistant to the antibiotic because it cannot bind to the normal target molecule in the bacteria. How did the bacteria become resistant to the antibiotic? Side note: Fortunately for the person with the infection, it turns out there is another antibiotic that can be used to treat the infection, so the person recovers and is fine.

DNA can be synthesized by cells; it can also be synthesized in vitro (outside of cells in a lab). We have looked at DNA synthesis as part of the cell cycle, during PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and during DNA sequencing. Here, we will consider how those processes compare. DNA replication in cells, during PCR and during DNA sequencing results in different products. [p] makes many fragments of different lengths from the DNA, [q] makes many copies of the same length of a single section of DNA, and [r] makes a single copy of all of the DNA. In order to initiate synthesis of a complementary DNA strand, cells use [x], PCR uses [y], and DNA sequencing uses [z]. [a] uses dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs). ddNTPs are used because [b].

A population is undergoing evolution by natural selection for a trait. What determines whether an allele will become more common in the population?

Max visited the Wild Things (pictured above). In Wild Things, XX individuals produce eggs and are female; XY individuals produce sperm and are male. Several traits in Wild Things are genetically based. the length of horns is genetically based: HH and Hh = curved horns, hh = straight horns having claws on the feet is determine by an X-linked gene. XB is dominant and results in absence of claws; Xb is recessive and results in claws. A female who is heterozygous for both traits and a male without claws who is heterozygous for horns have offspring. Answer the following questions based on this couple. You should start by determining their genotypes and setting up the Punnett squares. The probability that their first offspring would have curved horns is [c]. The probability of their first child having straight horns and NO claws is [d]. The probability of their first child being a female with claws is [e]. Each parent only passes on one of the two alleles they have (Mendel’s Law of Segregation), and the way that the alleles for horns is passed on does not impact the way the allele for claws is passed on (Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment). These two laws are the result of the way that [f] works.

What is produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis and used in the Calvin cycle? Choose all correct answers.

Choose the mechanism of evolution that best matches the description given.

In a population, the frequency of allele B is 0.4 and the frequency of allele b is 0.6. What percentage of individuals in the population will have the genotype BB if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Use the molecules above and your knowledge of biological molecules and cells to answer the following questions. Questions may have a single answer or more than one answer. Molecule [g] could be used to synthesize DNA, which occurs during [h]. Molecule [a] could be used to synthesize RNA, which occurs during the process of [b]. Molecule [c] could be used to synthesize a protein, which occurs during the process of [d]. Molecule [e] can be used as a source of energy or to build polysaccharides. The feature that characterizes all lipids is [x].

Hydrogen ion channels are added to the inner mitochondrial membrane. What impact would this have on ATP production during cellular respiration?