Smoking during pregnancy is often mentioned as a cause of bi…

Smoking during pregnancy is often mentioned as a cause of birth defects, such as cleft lip. However, not all babies born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy develop cleft lip.   Use the sufficient cause framework to explain why not all babies born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy develop cleft lip. Make sure to include the terms component cause and sufficient cause in your answer (max. 6 points).

A team of researchers conducted a prospective cohort study t…

A team of researchers conducted a prospective cohort study to determine if children who were exposed to secondhand smoke at home are more likely to develop asthma compared to children who were not exposed to secondhand smoke at home. The researchers computed a risk ratio of 1.52 with a standard error of 0.17. As the next step, the researchers want to estimate a 95% confidence interval for the risk ratio using the following formula: ??? ± 1.96 * 0.17.   What value should the researchers use in place of ??? in the formula?