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Mastication begins after food passes beyond which of the following structures?

Instead of having a perpendicular pubis-ischium arrangement (like many saurischians), ornithischians have a rearward-facing pubis that lies parallel with the ischium (also mis-characterized as “bird-hip”). This arrangement (indicated by the red arrow in the figure below) is technically referred to as a/an:

Which of the following hypotheses disagrees with Paleontologist J. A. Hopson’s five predictions on a hadrosaurid crest’s role in sexual selection? If the crests were used as a visual cue/signal:

Both Ceratopsia and Pachycephalosauria belong to a clade called ______.

As we learned in class, the head crests of some Ornithopods (e.g. Lambeosaurinae) were not exaggerated through their evolution.  What is the possible explanation for this?  Support this argument using another evolutionary trend seen in different members of Ornithopods.

What are some of the problems that make it difficult to establish relationships in the clade pachycephalosauria?

Which of the following is incorrect about Pachycephalosauria.

The photo below is one of the best-preserved dinosaur fossils ever found.  Which statement(s) is/are applicable?  Select all that apply.

The presence of an enlarged optic lobe (e.g., shown in Leaellynasaura) most likely means the animal has a more acute sense of ________.

Which of the following is a characteristic NOT shared by stegosaurs and ankylosaurs?