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The foundation of developmental theory can be traced to _______, who researched the life cycle of delinquent careers in the 1930s.​

One consequence of labeling is the concept of _____, which brings about a reassessment of one’s self-image that reflects actual or perceived judgments made by others, such as parents.​

Criminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoing by maintaining that the victim of crime “had it coming.” This is known as:​

When behavior is punished, this is referred to as:​

The phrase “the ecology of crime” refers to:​

According to routine activities theory, homes that contained easily sellable objects such as laptop computers, stereos, and television sets would be classified as:​

The Uniform Crime Report is an annual survey of crime victims.​

Some violent offenders have a disturbed character structure commonly referred to as psychopathy, sociopathy, or antisocial personality. What is known about the psychopathic personality?​​

Before choosing to commit a crime, ________ criminals evaluate the risk of apprehension, the seriousness of punishment, the potential value, and the immediate need for criminal gain.​

Which criminologist believed that criminals could be identified by observing the physical traits of offenders?​