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Describe 3 significant problems that scientists would encounter in studying ocean biology if they used only sampling with nets.  Your answers should describe scientific problems, not logistical problems. A scientific problem is one that affects the information or sample characteristics that you collect with the nets.  These are discussed in the chapter.  A logistical problem is one that makes the use of nets physically difficult; for example, very heavy nets would be difficult to handle.  Do not include such answers.

Marine Food Web:  a)  In reference to the oceans, what is the difference between primary production and secondary production?  (Note: This question is about the process of production, not who the producers are.) b)  Use the concepts of trophic level and food chain inefficiency to describe how food energy flows through a marine food chain or food web.  Be sure to describe this in your own words, and use both terms in your answer.   (Note:  “trophic level” does not refer to types of organisms.)

This exam will cover chapters 11-13. You will have 2 hours to complete the exam.You may use the following on the exam:BLANK scratch paper, 3X5 notecard (no examples), calculator (no cell phones), and a periodic tableConstants will be given unless otherwise noted.For the fill in the blank ALWAYS INCLUDE UNITS when needed.

Consider the following reaction:6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l) ↔ C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g)    Initially a 500 mL container had only 0.25 mol of CO2 gas. After the reaction is allowed to reach equilibrium only 0.08 mol CO2 remain. What is the equilibrium constant for this equation?

Albedo:  The global average albedo of the ocean is about 8%.  (This is stated in Chapter 04 right before Table 4.2.) a) How does the average albedo of the oceans compare with that of sea ice? b) Does the ocean have a higher or lower albedo than land surfaces?  Use the global average albedo for the ocean. c) Global warming will affect ice surfaces on both ocean and land.  How will this change Earth’s surface albedo?  d) How will that change in Earth’s albedo (in part c) affect climate?  Be sure to explain your answer.

Latent heat:  The topic of latent heat is discussed in Chapter 3 section 3.3.1 Heat Properties and in Chapter 4 section 4.4.1 Latent Heating.  Phase changes include the processes of evaporation, condensation, melting, freezing, sublimation, and deposition of water.  Phase changes do not involve temperature changes.  The scientific term for this kind of heat transfer is “latent heat”.  See Figure 3.3B, shown below with its figure caption.  That figure applies whether the temperature is increasing OR decreasing.  A VIDEO explaining this figure is posted on the Ch04 Reading and Video Assignments page.  Don’t worry about the brief equations.  The rest of the video is very good. a)  Using the concept of latent heat, explain why changes in the phase of water (between gas, liquid, and solid) also transfer heat energy within the Earth systems.  b)  Describe how this process could transfer latent heat from the ocean to the atmosphere.  c)  At what point in the process would the atmosphere become warmer?   (Figure 3.3B) Water’s latent heat of fusion (melting) is the amount of heat that must be added to convert ice to water at the freezing (melting) point temperature. Water’s latent heat of vaporization is the amount of heat that must be added to water to convert water to water vapor at boiling point temperature. Both of these are high to provide energy to overcome the hydrogen bond attraction. As latent heat is added to change the phase, there is no change in temperature. In the reverse processes, the same amounts of latent heat that were added are released when water vapor condenses and when water freezes. The specific heat of water is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of liquid water by 1°C and is measured in calories per gram-degree Celsius (Joules per gram-degree Celsius). The same amount of heat is released as water cools.  

a) Why are biogenous sediments described as the “hard parts” of marine organisms?  Where did the soft parts go? b) There are two main types of biogenous “hard parts” sediment in the ocean.  What materials are these two types made of (chemical composition)?

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Tides:  The dynamic model of tides is displayed on a map using nodes and cotidal lines, as in Figure 6.22.  The numbers on the cotidal lines refer to hours in a tidal cycle.  The nodes are also called amphidromic points.  a) Explain what the nodes are.  What do nodes have to do with tidal movement?  Figure 6.21 might be helpful.Caution:  Seiches also have nodes (Figure 6.11).  This question is not about seiches.Caution:  The question is about amphidromic nodes in tides, not astronomical nodes in movement of planets, moons. b) What is the tidal range at a node, in meters?

During your career you will be call to present at a moments notice (this is one of those times) for this question: choose one of the following topics: A place I’d love to visit and why? A book or a movie that inspire me My favorite hobby and how it helps me If I were president I would Record a short video (3 to 4 minutes)  Click Insert > media > upload/record media > record