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Albedo:  The global average albedo of the ocean is about 8%.  (This is stated in Chapter 04 right before Table 4.2.) a) How does the average albedo of the oceans compare with that of sea ice? b) Does the ocean have a higher or lower albedo than land surfaces?  Use the global average albedo for the ocean. c) Global warming will affect ice surfaces on both ocean and land.  How will this change Earth’s surface albedo?  d) How will that change in Earth’s albedo (in part c) affect climate?  Be sure to explain your answer.

Latent heat:  The topic of latent heat is discussed in Chapter 3 section 3.3.1 Heat Properties and in Chapter 4 section 4.4.1 Latent Heating.  Phase changes include the processes of evaporation, condensation, melting, freezing, sublimation, and deposition of water.  Phase changes do not involve temperature changes.  The scientific term for this kind of heat transfer is “latent heat”.  See Figure 3.3B, shown below with its figure caption.  That figure applies whether the temperature is increasing OR decreasing.  A VIDEO explaining this figure is posted on the Ch04 Reading and Video Assignments page.  Don’t worry about the brief equations.  The rest of the video is very good. a)  Using the concept of latent heat, explain why changes in the phase of water (between gas, liquid, and solid) also transfer heat energy within the Earth systems.  b)  Describe how this process could transfer latent heat from the ocean to the atmosphere.  c)  At what point in the process would the atmosphere become warmer?   (Figure 3.3B) Water’s latent heat of fusion (melting) is the amount of heat that must be added to convert ice to water at the freezing (melting) point temperature. Water’s latent heat of vaporization is the amount of heat that must be added to water to convert water to water vapor at boiling point temperature. Both of these are high to provide energy to overcome the hydrogen bond attraction. As latent heat is added to change the phase, there is no change in temperature. In the reverse processes, the same amounts of latent heat that were added are released when water vapor condenses and when water freezes. The specific heat of water is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of liquid water by 1°C and is measured in calories per gram-degree Celsius (Joules per gram-degree Celsius). The same amount of heat is released as water cools.  

a) Why are biogenous sediments described as the “hard parts” of marine organisms?  Where did the soft parts go? b) There are two main types of biogenous “hard parts” sediment in the ocean.  What materials are these two types made of (chemical composition)?

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Tides:  The dynamic model of tides is displayed on a map using nodes and cotidal lines, as in Figure 6.22.  The numbers on the cotidal lines refer to hours in a tidal cycle.  The nodes are also called amphidromic points.  a) Explain what the nodes are.  What do nodes have to do with tidal movement?  Figure 6.21 might be helpful.Caution:  Seiches also have nodes (Figure 6.11).  This question is not about seiches.Caution:  The question is about amphidromic nodes in tides, not astronomical nodes in movement of planets, moons. b) What is the tidal range at a node, in meters?

During your career you will be call to present at a moments notice (this is one of those times) for this question: choose one of the following topics: A place I’d love to visit and why? A book or a movie that inspire me My favorite hobby and how it helps me If I were president I would Record a short video (3 to 4 minutes)  Click Insert > media > upload/record media > record

Which of the following is NOT considered a strong form of evidence in a presentation?

What role does audience analysis play in creating a presentation?

This exam has multiple goals.The first goal is to try the exam process you will use for the midterm and final exams. This includes Honorlock and everything involved with it. So, ensure you have an external camera and the app installed on your phone to scan your short answers. This is a low-stakes exam, and the main goal is to ensure your system works and you will not have issues when you take a midterm exam.The second goal is to see if you have done your background on the course and syllabus before we get started. So make sure to have the syllabus handy and watch the introduction video beforehand.I did find out that you can only submit once to Gradescope. So if you want to redo any of the short answers you will need to email them to me.

In the process of making beer, grains can be directly fermented to obtain alcohol and CO2.