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Page 8: 36. In the middle of the sarcomere, the structure that holds the thick filaments together and keeps them in the proper alignment [36] 37. During muscle contraction, sodium plays what role? [37] 38. During which phase of the contraction cycle does actin bind to myosin [38] 39. in 2017, Kim Jong Nam, half brother of Norths Korean dictator Kim Jong Un was allegedly assassinated using VX nerve agent. VX is an acetylcholine analog. When present at the NMJ, it binds to the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. However, after being broken apart, a portion of the VX molecule stays bound to acetylcholinesterase, effectively preventing the enzyme from functioning. In short, VX is a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. Based on your knowledge of the role of acetylcholinesterase plays in muscle contraction, what is a possible cause of death for Kim Jon Nam? [39] 40. Which of the following shortens during muscle contraction? [40]  

Page 10: 46. Which of the following detects rotational dynamic equilibrium? [46] 47. Molecules that simulate olfactory receptors are called [47] 48. Where would you find an otolith? [48] 49. Which of the following is not a primary taste? [49] 50. Which of the following is not a description of an autonomic affect? [50]  

Page 7: 31. The perimysium surrounds [31] 32. The area of the sarcomere where there are only thin filaments is the [32]33. The protein in the thin filaments that is capable of binding calcium is [33] 34. Which of the following proteins has ATPase activity (can hydrolyze ATP to use energy)? [34]35. During contraction, Ca++ concentration increases [35]

Page 8: 36. Which layer of the integument is the most superficial [36] 37. The type of tissue found in the papillary region of the dermis is [37] 38. The layer of the epidermis is the deepest is the [38] 39. Which cell type comprises 90% of the epidermis where it has a structural role? [39] 40. Which of the following structures detects pain and thermal sensations? [40]

Page 5:  21. What is the function of the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla? [21] 22. Production of large amounts of saliva involves [22] 23.  Which division of the nervous system is referred to as rest and digest? [23] 24. The effect of autonomic innervation on an effector tissue [24] 25. Gustation is [25]

Page 6: 26. Olfactory receptors are located [26] 27. Smell sensations take which pathway to the CNS? [27] 28. salt receptors are stimulated mostly by [28] 29. Which path do nervous impulses for taste take? [29] 30. The white, opaque portion of the fibrous tunic of the eye is the [30]

Free Reponses 4: PICK ONE of the following free response questions to answer for a maximum of 5 points: Option a – Detail the function of a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). Assume the function of said GPCR is to open an ion channel (indirectly covered in Chapter 17) Option b – Describe how a photon causes excitation of a bipolar cell

Page 8: 36. Lacrimal glands produce [36] 37. Pressure waves in the air are converted to vibrations in the auditory ossicles by the [37] 38. Ultimately sound is converted into a nervous impulse by [38] 39. Adjustment in the curvature of the lens [39] 40. The structure that is associated with hearing is [40]

Page 8: 36. Lacrimal glands produce [36] 37. Pressure waves in the air are converted to vibrations in the auditory ossicles by the [37] 38. Ultimately sound is converted into a nervous impulses by [38] 39. The function of the ciliary muscle is to[39] 40. The structure that is associated with equilibrium is [40]

Free Response 1: For each phase of an action potential, name the phase, indicate the state of each ion channel, what is happening to the potential, and which way and which type of ions are moving. Free Response 2:  List the name, number and function of the cranial nerves