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Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

Sierra is 65 years old. She can vividly recall a certain event that took place when she was five years old. It was the day her father had come home for the first time in two years. She remembers running toward him as he walked in through the door wearing army overalls. Though this memory is from long ago, this image of her father is very strong in her mind. In the context of memory formation, Sierra’s memory of her father can best be categorized as a(n):

Jacques wants to remember a phone number, and he repeats it aloud until he types and saves the number in his cell phone. He is using the process of:

For every pizza he delivers on time, Matthew gets a reward point. Matthew is being reinforced according to a:

Matt, who was a soldier in the Middle East during the Iraq War, is getting MDMA as part of his therapeutic treatment. What psychological disorder does he most likely have?

Nick can accurately recall the names of the capital cities of every country in North and South America. Nick’s memory of the capitals and many more basic facts and general knowledge from elementary school is an example of:

Prosecutor Befuddlem, an attorney for the State of Florida, asks Tanner how fast the car was travelling when it smashed into the other vehicle. Because the attorney used the term “smashed,” Tanner increases his estimate of the car’s speed. This is an example of:

Advancing age tends to lessen recall for events and experiences that require _____ processing but not _____ processing.

When Rodney first began drinking alcohol, he became lightheaded after drinking a single beer. Now he must drink three beers before feeling lightheaded. This is called: