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TEE is indicated primarily to rule out _____________________in the Afib patient prior to cardioversion.

What is an important element to include when obtaining your PISA measurements for mitral regurgitation?

Which of the following are indirect signs of severe aortic regurgitation? 

We obtain the following 4 chamber view and see an abnormal structure in the right atrium, what is it most likely?

The patient presents to the lab with known aortic stenosis. A previous echo from 5 years ago shows moderate to severe AS with an EF of 60%. Today you’re getting an EF of 35-40% and a gradient of 20 mmHg. What is a possible reason for the discrepancy?

While performing a post-op baseline echo on a patient with a bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement, we notice the mean aortic pressure gradient is 19 mmHg., what grade of severity can we assume about this valve?

What would be a congenital finding that would mimic tricuspid stenosis?

What can you assume about your patient when you obtain the following image of the proximal abdominal aorta.  What can we say about the aortic valve?  

What would be the range the sonographer should drop their color baseline when performing PISA on mitral regurgitation?

Your patient presents with a calcified aortic valve annulus. You’re unable to visualize the lVOT very well. What formula do we use if this occurs?