Astrid is punished for spilling her cereal. Her parents give…

Astrid is punished for spilling her cereal. Her parents give her a spanking and send her to her room, where she cries. Later, her puppy makes a mess on the floor. Astrid kicks her puppy and puts it out in the yard, where it whines sadly. Which of the following statements explains her behavior toward the puppy?

Archie and Eve take their 2-year-old son to the supermarket…

Archie and Eve take their 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Their son screams, demanding that they buy him treats. Although they refuse to give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, either Archie or Eve gets in their son’s face and loudly yells, “Shut up!” He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story?