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A researcher wants to study the effect of vitamin D intake on muscle strength. She randomly assigns subjects to either an experimental group who receive Vitamin D supplementation or a control group who are given a placebo pill that does not contain any active ingredient. She measures subjects’ muscle strength before beginning supplementation and then 6 months after the subjects had been receiving daily supplementation. This is an example of:

Mirbagher-Ajorpaz and colleagues (2011) hypothesized that an acupressure intervention would decrease dysmenorrheal among female medical science students. They divided the sample of female medical science students into two groups – one group received the acupressure intervention and the other group did not receive any intervention. What statistical test, from the following list, would be the most appropriate to use to compare the mean dysmenorrhea scores of the intervention and control groups?

Eating 3 servings of green beans per week decreases a woman’s risk of breast cancer. This statement is an example of a:

A researcher studied the difference in pretest and posttest scores in a group of subjects. Using the standard 0.05 level of significance and based on the following SPSS output, which conclusion would you make?

Which of the following statements about informed consent is FALSE?

A researcher studied how much time parents spent playing with their children with disabilities. The dependent variable was amount of time playing. The independent variables were disability status of the child (no disability, physical disability, or mental disability) and the gender of the parent (male or female). After collecting data, the researcher ran a Two-way ANOVA. According to the following SPSS output, how would you describe the interaction effect between disability status and gender?  

City that subjects were born in is an example of what level of measurement?

A researcher reviews medical records from the past five years to collect data on the relationship between smoking habits and brain cancer. This would be described as a:

An investigator is studying the effect of a new growth hormone injection on height of school aged boys with short stature. He has the boys come into the clinic every 6 months to have their height measured precisely on a calibrated stadiometer. What is the dependent variable?

A researcher plans to study a new medication on patients who have tested positive for HIV, but have not developed AIDS. This medication has shown great results in previous studies. After enrolling subjects, the researcher assigns them to one group, either the control group who receive a placebo or the experimental group who receive the new medication. Since the medication will be very expensive when it becomes available, the researcher decides to assign those with good medical insurance to the group that receives the medication. His reasoning is that if it works, the subjects with good medical insurance will be able to continue to receive it after the study is completed. He assigns those subjects without medical insurance to the control group since they would not benefit from the medication after the study is completed because they wouldn’t be able to afford it. In this study, which ethical principle would you be most concerned about?