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When was the principle of “birthright citizenship” established?

In 1778, the focus of the war shifted

Can a living organism create a mineral?

Water is densest at a temperature of 

Monroe is regarded as the last of the

Stephen Douglas’s motivation for introducing the Kansas-Nebraska Act was to

Where is most of the mass in our solar system located?

An organism that can tolerate large amounts of salt is best called a

The journal PS recently issued a call for a special issue on American Trade Policy. The calloutlines the main facts motivating the special issue: “American trade policy is rapidly changing. It is being crafted in novel ways and with rationalesthat diverge from the post-World War II Washington consensus. The US now has higher tariffsthan it has in a century. A resurgence in protectionism may be part of an even larger change inAmerica’s overall role in global politics going forward in the 21st century. While these changesare a particular focus of Donald Trump’s presidency, they reflect long-simmering trends insociety and among policymakers that predate his political ascendance.” Craft an essay helping explain this shift in US trade policy. First, is this unique to the U.S. or arethere similar patterns across other countries? Second, what do you see at the most plausibletheoretical explanations for this shift? Finally, outline an empirical research design that couldhelp test one of these theoretical explanations.

One view of modern international organizations (IOs) is that they are “agents” of state“principals,” and that the most powerful principals often shape IO rules and exertdisproportionate influence during extraordinary events. Although this view leaves some room forindependent agency among IOs, it views state members as vital actors that shape the scope ofmany IOs’ activities. An alternative view sees IOs as capable of developing considerableautonomy from states and argues that IO bureaucrats play an under-recognized role in the designand functioning of these organizations. According to this view, the background of keybureaucrats along with the development of organizational culture explains considerable variationin IO activity. Which of these perspectives do you think is more accurate? Can they bereconciled? Draw on literature and examples to support your answer.