After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, European powers co…

After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, European powers colonized many regions in the Middle East and North Africa. Identify the primary European colonizers of the following countries: [Hint: Write None where you believe the country was never colonized by a European country]

Select a transboundary water basin in the MENA region and di…

Select a transboundary water basin in the MENA region and discuss the countries involved, their water-sharing agreements, and the underlying tensions and conflicts. Evaluate the effectiveness of existing water management initiatives and explore potential strategies for sustainable water resource management in the region. In your opinion, can diplomatic efforts and international cooperation effectively address the long-term challenges of water scarcity in the MENA region? Justify your answer with reference to specific case studies and theoretical frameworks.