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The permissibility of a private employer’s drug testing of employees may hinge on whether the testing is reasonable.

In corporate law, acts of a corporation that are beyond its express or implied powers are de facto acts.​

A union may threaten an employee with the loss of a job for a failure to join the union.​

Like the bylaws of other corporations, the bylaws of Rocks, Paper & Scissors, Inc.,​

Fact Pattern 21-1Craig applies for a job at Dispatch Transportation, Inc., for which he is well qualified. He passes a test to determine which applicants are eligible for hiring, but the employer discards the results, and Craig is rejected. Dispatch continues to seek applicants.Refer to Fact Pattern 21-1. Craig files a suit against Dispatch under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, claiming discrimination. To support this claim, Craig must show that he is a member of

Jorge, Kim, and Lucy apply to work for Meat Packing, Inc. The employer must verify the identity and eligibility to work of​

Cloud Service Corporation wants to hire Dhani, a noncitizen. To hire Dhani, Cloud Service must petition​

Administrative agencies create their own enabling legislation.​

State and federal administrative agencies may issue regulations that conflict. When a state regulation conflicts with a federal regulation​

Fact Pattern 21-1Craig applies for a job at Dispatch Transportation, Inc., for which he is well qualified. He passes a test to determine which applicants are eligible for hiring, but the employer discards the results, and Craig is rejected. Dispatch continues to seek applicants.Refer to Fact Pattern 21-1. To successfully defend itself against Craig’s suit, Dispatch must show that