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A patient with a long history of emphysema is sent to the ED for ABGs and evaluation for admission. Entering the ED you see an elderly, frail appearing woman leaning over her bedside table, using accessory ventilatory muscles, pursed-lip breathing, and occasionally coughing. You notice she acknowledges your presence and follows your instructions but does not move or complain as you obtain the ABG sample, just breathing 28 bpm with her eyes closed.You obtain the following ABG results on 1 lpm NC:pH – 7.31PaCO2 – 76 mmHgHCO3 – 33 mEq/LPaO2 – 54 mmHgYou are concerned how long she can maintain this level of work of breathing. Which of the following is the most important recommendation to the physician?

Characteristic #2

Emphysema is defined as:

Stable emphysema has a characteristic chest x-ray pattern. Which of the following CXR clinical findings are characteristic of hyperinflation, air trapping and airway obstruction? Select as many as deemed applicable.

COPD severity is determined with:

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You perform spirometry on a suspected COPD patient with dyspnea on exertion (DOE). The FEV1/FVC ratio is 68% with the FEV1 at 84% of predicted. Which COPD stage best matches the spirometry findings?