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Which of the following structures, when combined with the putamen, forms the striatum? (Hint: the striatum is the collective name for what?)

A 6-year-old child is brought to the clinic because of frequent falls, poor balance, and unsteady walking. The parents report that the child leans to one side when sitting, and has difficulty maintaining balance while standing or walking, especially in low-light conditions. Neurologic exam reveals normal muscle strength and tone, no limb ataxia, and normal reflexes. MRI shows a mass compressing the inferior portion of the cerebellum near the fourth ventricle. Which of the following cerebellar regions is most likely affected? (Hint: What structural region is located at the inferior portion of the cerebellum near the fourth ventricle.  What functional part of the cerebellum produces this child’s outcomes? What plays a key role in equilibrium? What is the structural region associated with this?)

Which of the following statements best distinguishes the hypothalamus from the thalamus? (Hypo in this case means below the thalamus)

A 65-year-old man is being evaluated after a spinal cord injury. He reports that he cannot feel vibration or joint position on the right side of his body below the level of the injury, but pain and temperature sensation are normal. Based on your knowledge of sensory pathways, where is the most likely location of the spinal cord injury? (Hint where does this tract cross?)

Which axon bundle connects the cerebellum to the midbrain and SENDS output from the cerebellum? (Hint: main output pathway, primary efferent in function)

Which of the following is NOT an element of the breach of duty not to intentionally inflict emotional distress?

A stroke affecting the medial surface of the precentral gyrus will most likely impair movement in which of the following areas? (Hint: think of the Homunculus)    

A 72-year-old man develops a broad-based, unsteady gait, and has difficulty with rapid alternating hand movements. He does not show tremor at rest or significant rigidity.  He has difficulty sitting and standing. Neuroimaging reveals a lesion in the midline of the cerebellum. Which of the following anatomical structures is most likely affected? (Hint: A rapidly alternating hand movement assessment (RAM) tests for dysdiadochokinesia. What area is responsible for truncal ataxia or difficulty sitting and standing)

A teenage boy presents with weakness and stiffness in his left arm and leg. Reflexes are also exaggerated on that side. Brain imaging is normal, but spinal cord imaging reveals a lesion. Which side of the spinal cord is most likely affected? (Hint: Where is the confirmed lesion? where do the cortex signal from the left cross? Where do the signals from the right cross?)

A 55-year-old man with a long-standing ankle injury comes to your O&P clinic for an AFO fitting. As you gently apply pressure to align the brace (light touch), he flinches and says it feels like burning. There is no redness, swelling, or skin breakdown. He reports that even touching bedsheets at night causes pain in the same area (allodynia). Which of the following best explains his response to gentle orthotic contact?