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____________form the central core of each osteon.

Increasing the proportion of organic to inorganic components in the bony matrix would affect the physical characteristics of bone in all the following ways, except?

In the diagram above _________________________is illustrated as one of the two types of bone development.

Within-subjects designs are common in ES research and come with both pros and cons.  Which of the statements below are true related to within-subjects designs?  Note this is a multiple answer question. At least one answer is correct. More than one response may be correct. Select one or more answers.  

Suppose a researcher interested in measuring body posture instructs participants to maintain existing body posture for the week prior to baseline testing and intervention. Further suppose that the researcher observes the participants during this period of time.  Concerns related to research participants subconsciously demonstrating better posture during observation would link most closely to which of the following? 

Marcus Wayne Kilpatrick was a wannabe researcher at USF but accidentally stumbled on a cool idea that led to a line of research, some publications, and a nice research grant. Next comes the background and a description of one of his research designs (which has been altered to fit this exam question).  Prevailing research in exercise science notes that both moderate continuous exercise and intense continuous exercise are beneficial to health but also suggests intense continuous exercise can provide greater benefits than moderate continuous exercise. However, research also indicates that moderate continuous exercise is more likely to facilitate future adherence than is intense continuous exercise because continuous intense exercise produces more negative in-task mood-related responses. The somewhat unfortunate outcome is that if we want people to adhere to exercise we are better off prescribing moderate continuous exercise even though intense continuous exercise might be somewhat better for health.   Marcus’ idea was that maybe high-intensity interval training (HIIT) would be a way to get the physiological benefits of intense exercise without negatively impacting exercise enjoyment and so he designed an experiment. He invited 40 sedentary individuals to come to the lab for 2 experimental visits to see how they compared on enjoyment and perceived exertion (RPE). One experimental visit included a session of continuous intense exercise, and the other experimental visit included a session of HIIT using 60-second intervals. Each was 20 minutes in duration. Lab visits were randomized and designed to create equal work/energy expenditure for each experimental trial. Measurements were completed at 5 different time points during each session: 4 mins, 8 mins, 12 mins, 16 mins, & 20 mins. Note that the HIIT measurements were taken near the conclusion of the work portion of the intervals.  Each of the following questions are valued at 2 points. A-What is/are the dependent variable/variables? List and be specific.  B-What is/are the independent variable/variables? List and be specific.  C-Is the design single factor or factorial? Explain.  D-Is the design univariate or multivariate? Explain.  E-What is a likely null hypothesis? F-What is a likely research hypothesis? G- Which variable(s) are within-subjects and/or between-subjects? Explain.   

Research designs should consider the impacts of experimental control on both internal and external validity. Related discussions address the concept of the ‘dichotomy of science.’  Which of the following statements related to this topic are true?  Note this is a multiple answer question. At least one answer is correct. More than one response may be correct. Select one or more answers.    

Researchers will often times collect a lot of information from research participants and the way in which that information is handled is an important ethical consideration. A commitment to not share information obtained about participants during participation in a research project links to the responsibility of researchers to provide privacy. 

There are two types of research error: random and systematic. Which of the following best describes measurement error that is random? Note this is a multiple answer question. At least one answer is correct. More than one response may be correct. Select one or more answers.  

Describe the economic and cultural significance of Calgary within the context of Western Canada. Consider its role in the oil industry, annual events like the Calgary Stampede, and its growing influence in technology sectors.