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   In what ways does the artist use the composition (the way the artwork is put together) in ways common to Renaissance artwork?  

Speech at the Diet of Worms (April 18, 1521), Martin Luther I have composed, secondly, certain works against the papacy, wherein I have attacked such as by false doctrines, irregular lives, and scandalous examples, afflict the Christian world, and ruin the bodies and souls of men. And is not this confirmed by the grief of all who fear God? Is it not manifest that the laws and human doctrines of the popes entangle, vex, and distress the consciences of the faithful, while the crying and endless extortions of Rome engulf the property and wealth of Christendom, and more particularly of this illustrious nation? Yet it is a perpetual statute that the laws and doctrines of the pope be held erroneous and reprobate when they are contrary to the Gospel and the opinions of the church fathers. What kind of “endless extortions of Rome” did Luther argue were “engulf[ing] the property and wealth of Christendom?”

peech at the Diet of Worms (April 18, 1521), Martin Luther I have composed, secondly, certain works against the papacy, wherein I have attacked such as by false doctrines, irregular lives, and scandalous examples, afflict the Christian world, and ruin the bodies and souls of men. And is not this confirmed by the grief of all who fear God? Is it not manifest that the laws and human doctrines of the popes entangle, vex, and distress the consciences of the faithful, while the crying and endless extortions of Rome engulf the property and wealth of Christendom, and more particularly of this illustrious nation? Yet it is a perpetual statute that the laws and doctrines of the pope be held erroneous and reprobate when they are contrary to the Gospel and the opinions of the church fathers. What did Luther claim as proof that the laws and doctrines of the pope were wrong?

Use the text below to answer the following question: About ten o’clock the most horrible noise began in the southern city, just on the opposite side of the city wall. It was a horde of Boxers going through their rites, burning incense, crying, “Kill the foreign devils! Kill the secondary foreign devils! (Christians). Kill! Kill! Kill!” . . . There may have been from twenty to fifty thousand voices, not all Boxers, swelling that mad tumult. After two or three hours the noise suddenly ceased. . .Our lines of defense have been extended to include all the streets bordering on this mission property . . . stray Boxers are captured and passers-by are challenged. The missionaries and Chinese who have weapons all help in guard duty. There are barbed-wire barricades at the end of each street. . . – Luella Miner—American professor in China (1900)   According to the text, what is the Imperial conflict being described?

Use the text below to answer the following question: About ten o’clock the most horrible noise began in the southern city, just on the opposite side of the city wall. It was a horde of Boxers going through their rites, burning incense, crying, “Kill the foreign devils! Kill the secondary foreign devils! (Christians). Kill! Kill! Kill!” . . . There may have been from twenty to fifty thousand voices, not all Boxers, swelling that mad tumult. After two or three hours the noise suddenly ceased. . .Our lines of defense have been extended to include all the streets bordering on this mission property . . . stray Boxers are captured and passers-by are challenged. The missionaries and Chinese who have weapons all help in guard duty. There are barbed-wire barricades at the end of each street. . . – Luella Miner—American professor in China (1900)   According to the text, what happened to the Europeans and Chinese who were opposed to the Boxers?

.. . . But after a long period of commercial intercourse [trade], there appear among the crowd of barbarians both good persons and bad, unevenly. Consequently there are those who smuggle opium to seduce the Chinese people and so cause the spread of the poison to all provinces. Such persons who only care to profit themselves, and disregard their harm to others, are not tolerated by the laws of heaven and are unanimously hated by human beings. His Majesty the Emperor, upon hearing of this, is in a towering rage. He has especially sent me, his commissioner, to come to Kwangtung [Guangdong Province], and together with the governor-general and governor jointly to investigate and settle this matter. . . . .   ..Letter of Advice to Queen Victoria. from Lin Zexu (Lin Tse-Hsu), Chinese Commissioner of Canton, 1839   This letter to Queen Victoria relates most directly to the outbreak of the

   In what ways does the artist use the composition (the way the artwork is put together) in ways common to Renaissance artwork?  

Excerpt from the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) …therefore, for the sake of peace and concord, and for the preservation of the relationship and love of the said King of Portugal for the said King and Queen of Castile, Aragon. . .agreed that a boundary or straight line be determined and drawn north and south, from pole to pole. . . all lands, both islands and mainlands, found and discovered already, or to be found and discovered hereafter, by the said King of Portugal and by his vessels on this side of the said line. . . shall belong to, and remain in the possession of, and pertain forever to, the said King of Portugal and his successors. And all other lands, both islands and mainlands, found or to be found hereafter, discovered or to be discovered hereafter, which have been discovered or shall be discovered by the said King and Queen of [Spain] and by their vessels, on the western side of the said bound, determined as above, after having passed the said bound toward the west, in either its north or south latitude, shall belong to, and remain in the possession of, and pertain forever to, the said King and Queen of Castile, Leon, etc., and to their successors…   How did the Treaty of Tordesillas encourage the mercantilist policies of Spain and Portugal?

Speech at the Diet of Worms (April 18, 1521), Martin Luther I have composed, secondly, certain works against the papacy, wherein I have attacked such as by false doctrines, irregular lives, and scandalous examples, afflict the Christian world, and ruin the bodies and souls of men. And is not this confirmed by the grief of all who fear God? Is it not manifest that the laws and human doctrines of the popes entangle, vex, and distress the consciences of the faithful, while the crying and endless extortions of Rome engulf the property and wealth of Christendom, and more particularly of this illustrious nation? Yet it is a perpetual statute that the laws and doctrines of the pope be held erroneous and reprobate when they are contrary to the Gospel and the opinions of the church fathers. What kind of “endless extortions of Rome” did Luther argue were “engulf[ing] the property and wealth of Christendom?”

peech at the Diet of Worms (April 18, 1521), Martin Luther I have composed, secondly, certain works against the papacy, wherein I have attacked such as by false doctrines, irregular lives, and scandalous examples, afflict the Christian world, and ruin the bodies and souls of men. And is not this confirmed by the grief of all who fear God? Is it not manifest that the laws and human doctrines of the popes entangle, vex, and distress the consciences of the faithful, while the crying and endless extortions of Rome engulf the property and wealth of Christendom, and more particularly of this illustrious nation? Yet it is a perpetual statute that the laws and doctrines of the pope be held erroneous and reprobate when they are contrary to the Gospel and the opinions of the church fathers. What did Luther claim as proof that the laws and doctrines of the pope were wrong?