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Psychology can answer and solve all of life’s problems.

Starch is used to store energy and cellulose is a structural polysaccharide. The key differences that explain these functions are cellulose with high branching aids strong structures, and starch with low branching makes for easy energy release. beta 1-4 and alpha 1-6 glycosidic linkage of starch can create branches, and alpha 1-4 linkages in cellulose creates strength. the unbranched structure of starch makes it easy to process for energy, and the branched structure in cellulose creates strong bonds. alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 glycosidic linkage in starch creates branching, and beta 1-4 linkages in cellulose creates unbranched structures.

41. During the cleavage stage of glycolysis, fructose-1, 6 bisphosphate is broken down intoA) citric acid. B) two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. C) two molecules of ATP. D) glucose. E) two molecules of pyruvate.

The process that forms the electrochemical gradient during photosynthesis is the production of H+   in the stroma during NADPH production. movement of water by osmosis. hydrolysis of ATP. production of water from oxygen in the thylakoid lumen. pumping of  H+ into the thylakoid lumen.

40. The phenomenon through which populations of organisms change over time due to mutation, natural selection, and genetic exchange is A) growth and development. B) homeostasis. C) organization. D) biological evolution. E) reproduction. 

31. The charge on amino acids in the active site of an enzyme would be affected by A) pH. B) substrate concentration. C) antibiotics. D) temperature.

If a person’s ability to form steroids was destroyed, what function would be affected? Estrogen would no longer be produced in the body. Molecular hydrolysis reactions would stop functioning. The ability to produce insulin for glucose uptake would no longer exist. Cholesterol levels would keep increasing, causing cell death.

44. Select the statement that is true when comparing solutions with a pH of 6 and a pH of 8.A) The solution with a pH of 6 has a 2 times higher concentration of hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 8. B) The solution with a pH of 8 has a 100 times higher concentration of hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 6. C) The solution with a pH of 6 has a 100 times lower concentration of hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 8. D) The solution with a pH of 6 has a 100 times higher concentration of hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 8. E) Solutions with a pH of 8 has a 2 times lower concentration of hydrogen ions than a solution with a pH of 6.

The route that most accurately describes secretory protein movement through the endomembrane system would be Golgi apparatus→smooth endoplasmic reticulum →lysosome→vesicles→plasma membrane. nuclear envelope→vesicles→Golgi apparatus→rough endoplasmic reticulum→plasma membrane. rough endoplasmic reticulum→vesicles→ Golgi apparatus→vesicles →plasma membrane. plasmid→plasma membrane→nuclear envelope→smooth endoplasmic reticulum→ lysosomes→rough endoplasmic reticulum→smooth endoplasmic reticulum→vesicles→plasma membrane.

43. Altering the three-dimensional structure of an enzyme might A) prevent the enzyme from adding energy to a reaction. B) change the type of product that binds the enzyme’s active site. C) prevent the substrate from binding the enzyme’s active site.D) change the amount of energy needed for a reaction. E) change the type of product produced in the reaction.