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GI Pacemaker Cells: An electrogastrogram shows abnormally slow basal electrical rhythm (BER, slow waves) in a patient’s stomach. Which cells serve as the pacemaker for these slow waves?

Fasting Motility Hormone: Which hormone peaks between meals (fasting state) and what does it do?

Thermic Effect of Food: Which macronutrient requires all three phases of digestion (cephalic, gastric, intestinal) for full absorption and has the highest thermic effect of food (energy used in digestion)?

Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are determined by the vascular resistances in the afferent arterioles and efferent arterioles. What combination of changes in vascular resistances will result in an increase in GRF and an increase in renal blood flow?

Regulation of Sphincter of Oddi: The sphincter of Oddi (controlling bile/pancreatic juice entry into the duodenum) relaxes in response to:

Esophageal Peristalsis and Nitric Oxide: A drug that blocks nitric oxide synthesis is given. How would this affect esophageal peristalsis?

Salivary Gland Dysfunction: A 39-year-old man had radiation near his parotid gland and now has persistent dry mouth and difficulty swallowing. What is the likely cause of his swallowing difficulty?

In Drosophila, males from a true-breeding stock with rosy eyes is mated to females from a true-breeding stock with ebony body color. (Wild-type flies are normally red eyed and brown bodied.) In the F1 generation, all the females are red eyed and brown bodied, and all the males are red eyed and ebony bodied. When the F1s are mated together, the 1000 F2 progeny are as follows: Progeny # F2 Phenotype 202 Red-eyed, brown-bodied females 198 Red-eyed, ebony-bodied females 120 Red-eyed, ebony bodied males 130 Rosy-eyed, brown-bodied males 80 Rosy-eyed, ebony bodied males 70 Red-eyed, brown-bodied males A. Write down the genotypes of P, F1 and F2 and diagram the crosses. Define your symbols (for example, R or r for rosy eyes; E or e for ebony body color) and chromosomes. (30p) B. Is there statistical evidence that the rosy eyes and ebony genes are linked? Apply proper test and discuss the result. (20p)

Why do states join alliances? What are the risks and benefits for states joining an alliance?

What is the difference between peace enforcement and peacekeeping?