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Population inversion of molecules in a gain medium is required for a laser system.

The upper energy level of laser emission typically needs to have a lifetime as short as possible in order to quickly emit the laser photons.

The pulse duration of a laser pulse coming out from a waveguide may be different than that of the input laser pulse.

35.  Intense, irrational fears of particular things, activities, or situations are called ______.

39.  Information is grouped for storage in short-term memory through the process of ______.

The longitudinal mode spacing of an optical cavity increases with decreasing the cavity length.

In order to have a small laser spot on the moon, one needs to make the laser beam as thin as possible when launching the laser towards the moon.

A light going through an optical waveguide can be viewed as that field patterns are formed across the waveguide due to standing waves and the field patterns propagate alone the waveguide.

A laser beam may pass through an optical waveguide at any incident angles as long as the incident angle is smaller than the maximum acceptance angle.

An optical cavity is needed for a laser system to make the stimulated emission rate higher than the spontaneous emission rate.