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Buruli ulcer is a chronic debilitating disease that has been reported in 33 countries in Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Western Pacific.  Treatment with antibiotics early in the course of the disease is is key to a good outcome.                       , which produces a toxin that causes skin damage, is the cause of Buruli ulcer.  The means by which the pathogen is transmitted remains unknown.

All amino acids must be           in order to be catabolized.

The purpose of restriction enzymes in bacteria is

Herd immunity means

At a replication fork, the lagging strand consists of            that are joined by            .

Resident microbiota protect the body by

An E. coli culture that has been growing at 37°C is moved to 25°C. Which of the following changes must be made in its cell membrane?

Antiviral drugs that are nucleotide analogs affect the        phase of the viral replication cycle.

Which of the following would not be considered an emerging infectious disease?

How do enveloped viruses enter an animal cell?