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He was a major enlightenment historian who wrote The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (published in a multi-volume work in the 1770s and 1780s). Following a rational approach to the study of the past, he tried to determine the cause and effects of historical developments.

As a leader of the “scientific revolution,” Isaac Newton was:

Throughout the Middle Ages, the most important classical authorities on natural philosophy were _________ and _________.

“Science” entails all of the following except:

Science undermined a belief in God through:

The deductive method of inquiry was formulated by:

The goal of Peter the Great’s foreign policy was to:

Which of the following rulers did not attempt at least some enlightened reforms inspired by the philosophes?

Absolute monarchs developed all of the following institutions to enhance their power EXCEPT:

Unlike many places in Europe during the seventeenth century, there was a high degree of religious tolerance in the Dutch Republic.