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Which scientist observed that certain bacteria living in water will cluster in areas of higher oxygen concentrations and formulated the hypothesis that oxygen-seeking bacteria will congregate near regions of algae performing the most photosynthesis.

Identify and briefly discuss six specific environmental hazards from the 4 categories to which the residents can be exposed. (10 Marks)

Discuss the four major food hazard categories. (4 Marks)

 Describe the most vulnerable group in this area. (2 Marks)

Suggest two methods to treat drinking water to prevent diseases. (2 Marks)

Discuss the impact of water and sanitation on Public Health. (3 Marks)

Scenario 3: Human Settlements (20 Marks)Informally abbreviated to Alex, Alexandra is a township in the Gauteng province of South Africa. It forms part of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality and has recently experienced heavy thunderstorms followed by floods. Informal settlements (shacks) are common dwellings there, where approximately six family members share one shack. Many people also share sanitation facilities. Safe water is not also available nearby, and the residents collect water from nearby schools and shops. General waste from the residents is often not collected by the municipality, and as a result, the community members frequently resort to burning the rubbish to minimize the load. Kerosene stoves are the main appliances used for cooking. Electricity is usually unavailable, as the residents may not afford to pay for it. Thus, some resort to illegal electrical connections. Most of the people residing in this area are underprivileged and severely affected by poverty, unemployment, and poor living conditions due to overcrowding and increased urbanisation. 

Distinguish between epidemic, endemic and pandemic. (3 Marks)

Explain the entry route and pathway of respiratory diseases caused by air pollution. (2 Marks)

Use the concepts of epidemiological triangle to explain the scenario above. (3 Marks)