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A diploid salamander experiences a failure in cell division that results in the production of tetraploid offspring. The diploid individuals each contain 2 copies of 4 chromosomes, but the tetraploid individuals contain 4 copies of the 4 chromosomes. Diploid salamanders produce haploid gametes (1 copy of each chromosome per gamete), and the tetraploid salamanders produce diploid gametes (2 copies of each chromosome per gamete). Under the biological species definition, should the diploid and tetraploid salamanders be considered separate species, or the same species?

A student reads the following questions and answers online: Q: How do plants get energy? A: Plants use carbon dioxide and water as their primary sources of energy. Q: Where does a plant’s biomass come from? A: Plants get most of the materials that make up their biomass (like cellulose, starch, etc.) from mycorrhizal fungi in the soil, so most of a plant’s biomass comes from the soil. Q: How to plants get nitrogen? A: Plants get the nitrogen they need by taking in N2 from the air and incorporating it into biological molecules. Correct each of these answers to accurately state how plants obtain energy, the material for their biomass, and nitrogen. Your answers do not need to be long, but should be clear and specific.

When a species of fungus reproduces, individuals produce thousands of potential offspring and invest very little in each offspring. We would expect this fungus to have a [a] survivorship curve. What is the typical stage of the fungal life cycle that can disperse to a new location and found a new population? [b]

The age structure pyramids for four countries are shown below. Based on the information in the age pyramids, which country is facing a decline in population and should consider planning for how a smaller number of working-age adults can sustain essential functions?

Choose the best answer for each of the following. One group of plants we studied has pollen, seeds, flowers, and fruits.  This group is the [a]. [b] consist of an embryonic plant, its nutrient supply, and a protective coating, and can be dispersed to found new populations [c] facilitate dispersal of embryonic sporophytes, may have features that attract animals or aid in wind dispersal [d] produce and facilitate dispersal of the male gametophyte to reach the female, often by wind or animals

A student eats a sugary snack before taking an exam. During the exam, their brain uses the sugar for energy. What chambers of the heart did the sugars pass through on their way from the small intestine to the brain?

Effects of exercising at higher altitudes include:

Name two healthy guidelines for weight gain: 

What was your favorite lecture topic we covered this semester 

Provide two guidelines for exercising in cold weather