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6. (Short answer, 5 points) Describe three ways that enzymes are regulated.

19.  (Multiple choice, 2 points) Cell metabolism is a dynamic process with regard to the synthesis and breakdown of macromolecules such as proteins, RNA, and large carbohydrates. What are the two main advantages of breaking down these macromolecules?

12.  (Multiple choice, 2 points) When placed in a solution of water, a red blood cell crenates (gets smaller). Which of the following statements best explains why this happened.

4. (Short Answer, 5 points) Briefly describe the three types of membrane proteins.

2. (Multiple choice, 2 points) A primer used in dideoxy DNA sequencing is 20 nucleotides long and has the following sequence:  5’-GGATCCATGACTAGTCCGAC-3’. A segment of DNA is cloned into a vector and then the vector DNA is denatured and subjected to the dideoxy DNA sequencing method. Below is the DNA sequence from a region of the vector. The primer-annealing site is bold and underlined.  3-CCCGATCGGCCTAGGTACTGATCAGGCTGAATGACTCTTCAGA-5’ Based on the sequence above, what would be the size(s) of the band(s) (i.e., the number of nucleotides in each band) in which dideoxyG had been added to the sequencing reaction?

3. (Short answer, 5 points) Briefly explain how the surface area-to-volume (SAV) ratio influences cell size and a cell’s ability to function.

5.  (Multiple choice, 2 points) Which of the following organelles does not contain DNA?

3.  (Multiple choice, 2 points) In microscopy, the purpose of attaching a colored antibody to a protein is to provide better

Discuss a historical figure OR a specific time period/era that had a significant influence on the treatment of persons with mental illness, and explain how mental illness and persons with mental illness were viewed and treated.  Your answer must be a minimum of 60 words.

Numerous factors combine to influence the health of individuals and communities. These determinants of health are grouped into five main categories that affect each other through multifaceted interplay. Discuss two determinants of health and describe how they influence each other. Your answer must be a minimum of 60 words.