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A patient with diabetes was recommended to initiate canagliflozin for blood glucose control. The patient is at high risk for stroke and asks if canagliflozing may increase their risk for stroke. You perform a literature search and find a RCT that compared canagliflozing to placebo for cardiovascular outcomes. It found the rate of stroke to be 7.9% in the canagliflozin group and 9.6% in the placebo group (HR 0.87, 95%CI 0.69–1.09). Match the appropriate language to describe this data to the intended audience.

A RCT compared eptinezumab (a new CGRP antagonist) to topiramate for migraine prevention using an NI margin of 0.5 monthly migraine days. The mean decrease in monthly migraine days with eptinesumab was 3.9 days and with topiramate was 4.1 days (mean difference 0.2 days; 95%CI -0.02 to 0.42). Which of the following statements is the best interpretation of the results?

(please use the information below to answer the following three (3) questions) A double-masked RCT compared the use of chronic azithromycin 3 times weekly to placebo among patients with symptomatic asthma despite ICS and LABA use. Use the following table to answer the following 3 questions. Make sure to report the data for the correct outcome.

A patient is purchasing a home self-administered rapid COVID test with a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 99%. How is the sensitivity of this test interpreted?

A non-inferiority study compared risankizumab (intervention) to secukinumab (standard of care) for at least 90% improvement in plaque psoriasis symptoms. An NI margin of 12% was used. Risankizumab was found to achieve a 90% symptom improvement in 73.8% of patients and in secukinumab 65.6% of patients.  95%CI 0.8 to 38.8%). Which of the following is the best interpretation of these results. Compared to secukinumab:

Which of the following is a disease-oriented outcome?

The following 4 scenarios are all from double-masked RCTs. Which of the following situations would be at the highest risk for decreased internal validity due to compromised masking?

A study compared an extended interval between zolendronic acid infusions (every 12 weeks) for preventing skeletal lesions among patients with cancer to the standard of care (every 4 weeks). The NI margin was an absolute difference of 0.28% in the skeletal morbidity rate. Which of the following is the null hypothesis for this study?

What is the current labled with a “?” if 6, 8, 3 and 4?

Itepekimab was compared to placebo in a RCT for use in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (i.e. severe skin inflammation and itching). The primary outcome was changes in the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) score which has a minimally clinically important difference of a change in at least 6.6 points. At week 16 in the RCT, itepekimab had a mean decrease in the EASI score of 14.2 points compared to placebo (p=0.12).